北太平洋2种鱿鱼类角质颚生长特性及其种类判别

根据2018年9—11月中国鱿钓船在北太平洋海域（41°05''N~43°45''N,154°05''E~159°43''E）采集的柔鱼（Ommastrephes bartramii）和北方拟黵乌贼（Gonatopsis borealis）样本,对样本的胴长（mantle length,ML）、体质量（body mass,BM）以及角质颚的12个形态学参数进行了测定,研究角质颚的生长特性。结果显示,两个种类在胴长和体质量上均存在极显著差异。主成分分析认为,上脊突长（UCL）最适合用来表征柔鱼角质颚的生长,UCL和下侧壁长（LLWL）最适合用来表征北方拟黵乌贼角质颚的生长。赤池信息量准则（akaike’s information criterion,AIC）认为：柔鱼的上头盖长（UHL）、下头盖长（LHL）、LLWL、下翼长（LWL）与胴长呈幂函数关系,UCL、上侧壁长（ULWL）、上翼长（UWL）、下脊突长（LCL）与胴长呈对数函数关系;北方拟黵乌贼的UHL、下喙长（LRL）和LLWL与胴长呈幂函数关系,UCL和LCL与胴长呈指数函数关系,上喙长（URL）、ULWL和LHL与胴长呈对数函数关系。逐步判别分析显示,上、下角质颚的判别正确率分别为92.70%和84.50%,并建立判别方程。研究认为,角质颚外部形态可较好地应用于2种头足类的判别。     

6种大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物角质颚分类研究

为了研究大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物中角质颚的分类效果,于2017年10月,2018年3、5和11月,收集了南大西洋、中东太平洋和西印度洋海域的大型海洋掠食性鱼类的36个胃并分析其残留角质颚的形态。对采集的角质颚形态侧视图和顶视图进行种类鉴定,建立检索表,提取椭圆傅里叶描述子(EFDs)系数进行聚类分析。结果显示,通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行种类鉴定,共发现头足类2目10科17种。根据角质颚形态分类检索分析,17种头足类角质颚形态种间差异明显。枪形目(Teuthoidea)的13种头足类角质颚喙部形态分别为三角形和等腰三角形,侧壁为近似菱形,翼部发达;八腕目(Octopoda)的4种头足类角质颚有喙部发育,侧壁近似长四边形,有翼部发育。角质颚形态信息聚类分析在目级别区分效果显著。通过对胃含物角质颚形态进行分类研究,不仅可佐证胃含物头足类的识别,而且丰富了胃含物头足类的鉴定内容,也为大型海洋掠食性鱼类胃含物头足类分类鉴定体系奠定基础。     

Clinical and Histopathological Survey of Lesions Similar to Pox Skin Lesions in Three Flocks of a Large Commercial Layer Farm

In this study, we report an outbreak of fowl pox disease in a large commercial layer farm in Iran. Three flocks of this farm were affected. Flock A (23 wk of age), flock B (44 wk of age), and flock C (71 wk of age) showed cutaneous lesions. Beak necrosis was seen at the posterior part of the upper or lower beak. Also, some vesicles were seen in combs, wattles, and eyelids. Beak and comb lesions were scraped and stained with Wright's staining for histopathological examination. Samples showed hyperplasia of epidermis but no Bollinger bodies were seen. Histopathologically, the epidermis had marked hyperplasia (acanthosis) caused by the swelling and increased number of cells in the stratum spinosum. Clinical observations, as well as histopathological findings, led to a diagnosis of fowl pox disease.     

Bacterial sinusitis as a cause of beak deformity in an Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor)

CASE HISTORY: From 26 days of age, an Antipodes Island parakeet (Cyanoramphus unicolor) was noted to have a severe beak deformity and reduced bodyweight gain compared to its nest mate. The bird was euthanised at 43 days of age.

CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS: The beak abnormality consisted of distortion of the right nares and severe shortening resulting in deviation of the upper maxilla to the right and cranially. On sectioning the head, copious mucoid material was found in the infraorbital sinus and the bony sinus architecture was disrupted. Histopathological examination of the infraorbital sinuses revealed a large focus of chronic but active inflammation, bony lysis on the right side and pockets of a mixed population of bacteria.

DIAGNOSIS: Severe beak deformity, likely secondary to bacterial sinusitis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The case illustrates the need to look for underlying aetiologies to beak malformation, particularly in young parrots.     

利用iTRAQ蛋白质组技术筛选与鸡喙畸形相关的候选蛋白

【目的】中国地方鸡种如北京油鸡、清远麻鸡存在喙畸形现象,表现为上下喙咬合不全,呈交叉状。严重影响鸡饮水和采食,从而影响个体发育和生产性能的发挥,造成一定经济损失。笔者根据喙畸形个体的系谱记录,发现喙畸形的形成受到遗传因素的影响,但具体机制尚不明确。蛋白是行使各种生物学功能的最终形式之一,喙畸形个体的发生可能是由于核心蛋白或者相关调控蛋白代谢异常造成的。利用同位素标记相对和绝对定量（isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ）技术以及生物信息学分析方法,筛选鸡畸形喙与正常喙中差异表达的蛋白,作为喙畸形相关的重要候选蛋白,为进一步研究北京油鸡喙畸形的遗传机制奠定基础。【方法】挑选3只120日龄喙畸形的公鸡作为试验组,编号为W1、W2、W3,同时,挑选与试验组个体为同胞关系（全同胞或半同胞）的喙正常公鸡作为对照组,编号为Z1、Z2、Z3。将喙畸形与其同胞正常个体作为一个比对组,iTRAQ试验具体包含3个比对组,即W1 vs Z1,W2 vs Z2,W3 vs Z3。屠宰个体后,剔除喙组织周围肌肉和筋膜,分离得到喙上颌骨和下颌骨,提取总蛋白样品,应用6个 iTRAQ标签标记各蛋白样品,经过色谱层析预分离,联合液相串联质谱分析,采用Mascot 2.3.02软件对蛋白进行鉴定和定量分析。试验组（W）与其同胞对照组(Z)样本比较（W1 vs Z1,W2 vs Z2,W3 vs Z3）,选择肽段数≥2,表达差异值＞1.2（上调）或＜0.83（下调）,且P＜0.05的蛋白作为差异表达蛋白。【结果】利用iTRAQ技术一共在喙组织中鉴定到3 372个蛋白,鉴定到的特异性肽段有12 769个。其中原鸡蛋白1 869个,分子质量主要分布在10-100 kD之间。3个比对组共鉴定出159个表达量有显著差异的蛋白质,其中包含70个表达上调的蛋白,89个表达下调的蛋白。统计各比对组蛋白表达差异值发现,表达量差异较大的上调蛋白质有LPL、MLC-2、CO9A1、MATN3、HSP90B1等,表达量差异较大的下调蛋白质有MBP、RLA1、PRVM、HAPLN1等。结合已经报道的这些蛋白的生物学功能,其中CO9A1、MATN3、HAPLN1与软骨合成和软骨骨化相关,CO9A1是带状软骨纤维的组成物质,MATN家族是非胶原性细胞外基质蛋白家族,HAPLN1是软骨细胞外基质的重要组成成分;PRVM是细胞内钙离子结合蛋白,参与调控Ca2+离子信号通路;LPL是多功能酶,主要在脂质代谢和转运过程中起作用,参与调控PPAR信号通路。初步筛选出CO9A1、MATN3、HAPLN1、PRVM、LPL作为与鸡喙畸形相关的候选蛋白。【结论】差异表达蛋白的发现为鸡喙畸形形态的发生提供蛋白质水平上的理论依据。     

Middle upper beak fracture in a Red-crowned crane that completely recovered with external skeletal fixation

An adult Red-crowned crane in captivity that had a displaced compound fracture of the middle upper beak caused by an accident was treated by using Type I-a external skeletal fixator (ESF). The ESF that was equipped with a unilateral epoxy putty fixator and with five half-pins was fixed on the premaxilla bone. The crane with the ESF on the beak was able to feed smoothly by itself. The ESF was removed 49 days after the first surgery. Beak malocclusion, which was observed in the latter half period of fixing, spontaneously improved within one month after removal of the ESF. This is the first successful case of repair of an upper beak fracture in a Red-crowned crane.     

Does age of hot-blade trimming impact the performance and welfare of 2 strains of White Leghorn hens?

The impact of mild hot-blade beak trimming on welfare and performance in 2 strains of White Leghorn pullets was examined. During the pullet phase, 960 pullets were designated to one of 4 trimming treatments: control (untrimmed, C), trimmed at a commercial hatchery (T0d), or trimmed on farm at 10 d (T10d) or 35 d (T35d) of age. During the hen phase, 720 of the original 960 hens were housed in conventional cages at 17 wk of age (6 replications per strain × treatment group) and data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 (performance and beak length data), 2 × 2 (behavior data, blocked by observer) factorial arrangement or a Chi-Squared analysis (beak healing). Total hen-day production tended to be lower for C birds, but hen-housed production did not differ. Feed intake was not affected by trimming treatments, but feed efficiency was poorer for C birds. Treatment did not statistically affect mortality. Cannibalism, although not significantly different among treatments, occurred in C birds only. The C pullets displayed more head/vent pecking, but no differences were noted in adult birds. There was no behavioral or histological evidence of chronic pain or neuroma formation, and healing occurred quicker when trimming occurred at zero or 10 d of age. To conclude, trimming mildly at zero, 10, or 35 d of age caused no long-term effect on welfare or performance, but trimming at younger ages resulted in faster healing.     

基于仿生脱粒的鸡喙啄取玉米果穗引起籽粒离散过程分析

在先离散后脱粒工艺基础上,为探究玉米果穗的低损伤离散,该文利用玉米离散试验系统对鸡喙啄取玉米籽粒的过程进行试验研究。结果表明,鸡喙接触玉米籽粒后,籽粒离鸡喙越近,推力的水平分力越大,籽粒运动越明显,越容易从果穗上分离下来,籽粒离鸡喙越远,推力的水平分力越小,籽粒越难与果穗分离;离散过程中,籽粒遵循"组砌规律"进行力的传递,传递的范围近似为"塔形",脱离果穗的籽粒的运动类似于斜抛运动;玉米果穗在果穗切线方向上的受力最大,其次是玉米果穗轴线方向上的受力,垂直于试验台方向上的受力最小;验证试验结果:玉米果穗的平均离散率为67.53%,平均离散损伤率为0.16%,表明模仿鸡喙的离散辊对玉米果穗有较好的离散效果,且损伤率低。该研究对低损伤玉米脱粒系统的设计提供了仿生学思路。     

新型番鸭细小病毒的发现及其感染的临床表现

2008年下半年以来,福建省、浙江省、安徽省及江苏省等地部分鸭场或养鸭户的雏半番鸭和台湾白鸭出现低病死率,约于40日龄起脚易断、上喙变短占近30%,至出栏时残次鸭达60%;免疫接种了雏番鸭细小病毒弱毒活疫苗的雏番鸭依然发生类雏番鸭"三周病",除出现死亡外,幸存鸭的番鸭翅脚易断、上喙变短,83%感染鸭成为僵鸭,对我国养鸭业造成了较大的直接经济损失。经病原学检测、病毒分离鉴定和实验室感染试验,发现其病原为与原经典的雏番鸭细小病毒(MDPV)在基因组上、感染宿主范围和致病性存在较大差异的番鸭细小病毒,鉴于此,将之暂定名为新型番鸭细小病毒(NMDPV)。