5种苹果野生资源果实香气物质的分析

以苹果系楸子(Malus prunifolia)、海棠花(Malus spectabilis)、西府海棠(Malus micromalus)、花红(Malus asiatica)和新疆野苹果(Malus sieversii) 5 个野生苹果种为材料，以甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）为溶剂，进行香气物质的提取，并基于气相色谱质谱联用（GC-MS）技术对香气物质进行分离和鉴定。结果表明：5 种材料中共鉴定出 27 种香气物质，其中醇类 6 种、醛类 7 种、酯类 4 种、有机酸 4 种、萜烯 2 种和苯衍生物 4 种。其中反式-2-己烯醛、辛酸、α-法呢烯、苯酚以及对甲苯酚是 5 个野生苹果果实中共有的香气物质。这 5 种苹果野生资源果实的香气物质主要是以清香型的反式-2-己烯醛等醛类物质为主，但酯类和醇类也是构成不同种苹果特异香气的重要呈香物质。从特征香气组分来看，有8种是5个野生苹果种果实香气成分共有的特征香气，分别是法呢醇、己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、辛醛、壬醛、反式-2-癸烯醛、乙酸丁酯、己酸己酯。其中海棠花的特征香气物质有6种，西府海棠的特征香气物质有5种，新疆野苹果和楸子的特征香气物质有4种，花红苹果的特征香气物质有2种。     

Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.     

Plant protection means used in organic farming throughout the European Union

Following the obligatory implementation of integrated pest management in the European Union (EU), the plant protection means suitable for application in organic agriculture attracted the attention of quite a wide group of potential users. In spite of the common rules of organic production, as well as the uniform principles of placing plant protection products on the market, the availability of products that can be legally used in organic crop protection differs significantly among the Member States. There is a uniform list of 10 basic substances that can be used in the protection of organic crops throughout the entire EU. Twelve Member States have official registers of plant protection products for use in organic agriculture, and the total number of qualified products per country varies from 11 in Lithuania to 576 in Italy. Some products that improve plant vigour or resistance and may be of use in protection of organic crops are placed on the market as biostimulants. They fall under the law that governs fertilisers and the systems of their registration vary widely among the Member States. In addition, there exist a number of products that have been legally introduced onto the markets of some Member States without registration as a consequence of a loophole in the law. The use of unregistered products in organic agriculture raises some doubts, but currently it seems that there is no legal basis on which to explicitly prohibit the practice. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

静压损伤对苹果呼吸强度、品质及香气的影响

为探讨苹果贮运中的损伤机理,以"嘎啦"苹果为试材,将其做模拟损伤处理后,装入PE保鲜袋中于20℃下贮藏,研究静压损伤对苹果呼吸强度、贮藏品质以及香气成分的影响。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,静压损伤导致苹果果实呼吸强度上升,硬度、可溶性固形物及可滴定酸含量下降,褐变度及MDA含量明显增加,同时导致果实香气中酯类、醇类、醛类、酸类和烯类物质种类增加,并且贮藏前期(0~5 d)酯类、醇类、醛类和酸类物质的相对含量高于未损伤果实,后期(7 d以后)低于对照。由此可见,静压损伤会使果实品质迅速下降,同时降低贮藏后期果实的风味。研究结果为静压损伤对苹果品质及香气成分的影响提供了理论依据。     

萎凋及发酵时间对广东丹霞红茶香气及品质的影响

为了筛选适合广东丹霞2号红茶的最适加工参数，采用顶空固相微萃取/气质联用（HS-SPME/GC-MS）、高效液相色谱（HPLC）等方法分析了不同萎凋和发酵时间对红茶香气及品质的影响。结果表明，随着萎凋时间延长，醇类香气物质增加显著，促进了花果香的形成和释放；醛类物质整体降低，青香气息减弱；茶多酚及儿茶素在萎凋33 h后显著下降，水浸出物含量增加；氨基酸总量降低。研究认为，萎凋33 h制成的红茶各项指标最佳，综合品质好。随着发酵时间延长，醇类物质总体出现降低→稳定→显著降低趋势，酯类物质整体变化不明显；酸类物质增加；氨基酸在发酵12 h以后显著降低；茶多酚和水浸出物含量均呈下降趋势，12 h后降低不显著。研究认为，丹霞2号红茶最佳发酵时间为12 h，此时各项品质指标及感官审评结果最佳，发酵过度则口感酸涩。     

外源物质对化学封顶棉花农艺性状及产量形成的调控效应

为了探明不同外源物质对化学封顶棉花生长及产量形成的调控效应,在田间试验条件下,以北疆大面积推广种植的‘新陆早57号’为试验材料,在化学封顶后,叶面喷施辛酸甲酯(MC)、油菜素内酯(BR)、复硝酚钠(CSN)、萘乙酸钠(NAA) 4种外源物质,设清水(Blank)对照,研究4种外源物质对化学封顶棉花农艺性状、生物量积累及产量形成的影响。结果表明,4种不同剂量的外源物质叶面喷施后,棉花各项农艺性状和产量形成指标响应具有明显的剂量效应。不同剂量外源物质在喷药后15 d、30 d均能使植株生物量提高,显著高于空白对照,且30 d时,75 m L/hm~2MC、15 m L/hm~2BR、150 m L/hm~2MC、15 m L/hm~2NAA和75 m L/hm~2CSN处理效果较好。喷施各外源物质后,各处理的单株成铃数、单铃重、衣分及增产率均高于空白处理;处理75 m L/hm~2MC、15 m L/hm~2BR、150 m L/hm~2MC和7.5 m L/hm~2CSN下,籽棉产量提高;其中75 m L/hm~2MC效果最佳,较Blank籽棉产量提高了25.88%。结果表明外源物质可在一定程度上显著提高化学封顶棉花农艺性状及产量,在本研究条件下75 m L/hm~2的辛酸甲酯处理效果最佳,15 m L/hm~2油菜素内酯、150 m L/hm~2辛酸甲酯次之。     

基于CiteSpace可视化分析的茶叶香气研究进展

以1979—2019年WOS(Web of science)和CNKI(China national knowledge infrastructure)收录的茶叶香气品质相关文献为研究对象,采用CiteSpace文献计量方法分别从年代、作者、机构、国家、研究热点、演进趋势等方面进行归纳统计分析。结果表明,2006年以后相关研究文献呈显著增长趋势,目前已形成稳定的核心作者群,但各群体间的合作研究相对较少;在该研究领域,我国影响力最大,其次是日本和美国;热点研究内容主要集中在香气形成机理、香气物质提取方法、检测手段及关键香气物质等方面。综上结果,结合时区图谱,进一步指出茶叶香气的研究历程及目前所处的发展阶段。     

白茶萎凋过程萜烯类合成相关基因的鉴定和表达分析

萜烯类化合物是植物中重要的次生代谢产物之一,对茶树挥发性香气的组成起着重要作用。从茶树基因组数据库中鉴定获得了141个茶树萜烯类合成相关基因,并对其不同组织表达特异性进行分析,筛选出16个在茶树顶芽和嫩叶中高表达的萜烯类合成代表基因。生物信息学分析结果表明,系统进化关系将茶树与拟南芥和葡萄的萜烯类合成相关基因分成了4个亚家族;茶树萜烯类合成相关基因含有5~14个外显子,在上游启动子区域分析发现了大量与光响应、植物生长发育、激素和胁迫响应密切相关的顺式作用元件。荧光定量检测发现,CsMVK、CsDXS和CsGGPS在白茶萎凋过程中的表达显著上调;CsDXR、CsMCT、CsCMK、CsMCS、CsHDS、CsGPPS和CsGGPPS在萎凋4 h和24 h的表达达到峰值。本研究结果为进一步挖掘茶叶萎凋过程中萜烯类合成相关基因对茶叶香气组分积累提供了理论依据。     

黏虫CYP9A113基因的克隆及外源物质对基因表达的诱导效应

黏虫是我国作物上最重要的害虫之一。细胞色素P450能够参与昆虫外源物质代谢。本研究采用RACE技术克隆了一条编码黏虫P450基因的cDNA序列,并通过Real-time PCR技术,检测了4种外源物质对该基因表达的诱导效应。该基因被国际P450命名委员会命名为CYP9A113,GenBank登录号为KY436739。利用2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油的LD_(50)处理黏虫3 h,LD_(10)、LD_(30)和LD_(50)处理12 h和24 h,可诱导表达CYP9A113基因;20%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂的LD_(10)处理黏虫12、24和48 h,LD_(30)和LD_(50)处理24 h,CYP9A113基因表达呈诱导效应;0.1和0.5 mg/mL香豆素处理6、12、24和48 h,CYP9A113基因表达均呈诱导效应;0.1和0.5 mg/mL吲哚-3-甲醇处理3、6、12、24和48 h,CYP9A113基因表达均呈诱导效应。     

凤梨草莓与黄毛草莓种间杂种果实香气成分的代谢谱分析

【目的】通过比较黄毛草莓和凤梨草莓的2个种间杂种PF（具黄毛草莓浓郁的蜜桃香气）和NF（无蜜桃香气）完熟期果实香气成分的代谢谱,为黄毛草莓蜜桃香气特征成分鉴定及野生草莓优异资源的开发利用提供参考。【方法】采用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱/质谱联用技术（gas chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer technology,GC-MS）,对供试材料的香气成分进行检测。采用偏最小二乘法判别分析（partial least squares discrimination analysis,PLS-DA）模型第一主成分的变量投影重要度（variable importance in the projection,VIP）值和log2FC（Fold Change,FC）,结合T-test的P值来筛选差异性代谢物,PF相对于NF,设置阈值VIP>1.0, log2FC>1.0或log2FC<-1.0且P value<0.05,差异代谢物的相对含量采用峰面积归一化法计算,CAS号（Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number）在https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov网站查阅。【结果】从检测到的383种总代谢物中筛选出67种差异代谢物,其中58种上调,9种下调,上调幅度较大的差异代谢物为内酯类物质,log2FC排在前3名的依次是(Z)-7-癸烯-5-酸（5.60）、丁位十一内酯（5.33）、δ-癸内酯（5.30）,下调幅度较大的差异代谢物为酯类物质,-log2FC排在前3名的依次是肉桂酸乙酯、亚硫酸（-7.19）,2-乙基己基异己酯（-6.65）和3-羟基丁酸乙酯（-4.14）。从相对含量来看,酯类在PF（37.69%）中大幅低于NF（57.20%）,内酯类在PF（20.91%）中大幅高于NF（6.12%）,酮类在PF（15.30%）中略高于NF（9.12%）,醇类、醛类、酸类、烯烃类和其他代谢物在PF和NF中的含量相当,NF中相对含量最大的酯是丁酸乙酯（17.92%）,PF中相对含量最大的内酯是δ-癸内酯（12.53%）,PF相对含量最大的酮与NF相同,均为2-庚酮。【结论】肉桂酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯和3-羟基丁酸乙酯等酯类可能是NF的关键香气成分,(Z)-7-癸烯-5-酸、丁位十一内酯和δ-癸内酯等内酯类可能是形成PF蜜桃香气的关键物质。