10％乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布及残留消解动态

为探究10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂(有效成分质量分数:5%乙霉威,5%腐霉利)在设施黄瓜上施用后的沉积分布特性及残留消解动态,采用PC-3A(S)型激光粉尘仪及粉尘取样片,分别研究了不同设施类型、不同温湿度及不同施药角度下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的沉积分布情况;并于2017年和2018年,分别在北京市进行了该药剂在设施黄瓜叶片和果实中的残留及消解动态试验。结果表明:不同设施类型、不同温度条件下,10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂的沉积分布特性无明显差异,且其有效成分分解率不受温度影响;不同湿度条件下,该微粉剂在黄瓜叶片上的沉积量不同,湿度越大沉积量越多。乙霉威和腐霉利在黄瓜叶片和果实中的消解动态均符合准一级动力学或一级动力学方程,2种药剂在叶片中的半衰期分别为3.2 d和3.0~3.2 d,在果实中的半衰期分别为4.0~4.3 d和3.1~3.8 d。采用10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂,分别按100 g/hm2和150 g/hm2(1.5倍)剂量于黄瓜幼果期施药,最多施药3次,施药间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药间隔7、10和14 d分别采样,乙霉威在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.88 mg/kg,低于中国国家标准规定的其最大残留限量(MRL)值(5 mg/kg),腐霉利在黄瓜果实中的最大残留量为0.49 mg/kg,也低于其MRL值(2 mg/kg)。该研究结果可为10%乙霉威·腐霉利微粉剂在设施黄瓜上的安全使用提供数据支持。     

青葙的自毒作用及对其他植物的化感作用

【目的】研究青葙Celosia argentea L.的自毒作用及对其他植物的化感作用,从化感作用的角度探讨其作为常见田间杂草并与入侵植物三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa L.共存的适应机制。【方法】采用室内生测方法,测定了青葙新鲜叶片水浸提液对青葙、三叶鬼针草、油菜Brassica campestris L.和萝卜Raphanus sativus L.4种植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响;采用室内盆栽试验,测定了青葙鲜叶水提取液浇灌和鲜叶覆盖对青葙生长的影响,以及青葙和三叶鬼针草凋落物覆盖的相互化感作用。【结果】青葙鲜叶水浸提液对4种受体植物种子萌发和幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着提取液质量浓度的增加,抑制作用增强。无论是浇灌青葙水浸提液还是添加青葙叶片覆盖的处理都可以降低盆栽青葙的生物量,其中,质量浓度为0.250 0 g·mL~(-1)提取液浇灌盆栽的青葙,其生物量比对照降低了37.5%。将三叶鬼针草和青葙的凋落物覆盖盆栽的青葙和三叶鬼针草,40 d后均显著抑制了青葙生物量;与对照相比,单独覆盖青葙凋落物使盆栽三叶鬼针草的地上部质量和总生物量分别降低了23.0%和22.2%。【结论】青葙既有自毒作用,又对油菜和萝卜有较强的化感作用,应控制田间青葙的大量生长,同时栽培青葙时应避免连作;青葙和三叶鬼针草具有相互的化感抑制作用,青葙通过化感作用实现与三叶鬼针草的共存。     

Density-dependent effects on salmonid populations: A review

We reviewed 199 published data sets (21 species) to assess the relative frequency of various density-dependent processes in salmonids. We examined studies for the presence or absence of density-dependence: in growth, mortality, fecundity and recruitment. Based on data from all studies pooled 71% showed density-dependence in growth, 23% found density-dependence in mortality, 2% detected density-dependence in fecundity and 4% displayed density-dependence in recruitment. Most studies at the population level (e.g. changes in abundance or means of growth, mortality or fecundity) demonstrated density-dependence; however, these studies were not common, likely because they require long time series of data (at least 3–4 times mean generation time for the species). Our review indicated there was no evidence that the probability of finding density-dependent effects differed among the 21 species examined, but the number of studies per species varied substantially (5 [minimum for analysis] – 20+); hence, this finding should be viewed as tentative. Most salmonid species showed evidence of density-dependence in growth; however, few studies examined density-dependent effects on fecundity or recruitment, and further study is needed on these phenomena. There was no evidence that density-dependent effects were restricted to a particular habitat type or geographic region.     

Analysis on the migration of first-generation Mythimna separata (Walker) in China in 2013

Mythimna separata (Walker) is an important pest which can cause serious damages to cereal crops. In the past two decades, several heavy outbreaks have taken place in northern China. In order to develop a fine-scale method of forecasting outbreaks, population data were collected in northern China using searchlight traps and ground light traps. A background weather pattern analysis and trajectory analysis were performed via the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) and FLEXPART models. Our results showed that heavy migration of first-generation M. separata appeared in northern China in 2013. In Yanqing District, Beijing, the cumulative number of captured adults in searchlight traps was around 250 000 and the daily maximum for trapped moths was 86 000. During the peak period, the majority of M. separata moths arrived after 00:00 every night. The sex ratio (female:male) at each monitoring site was greater than 1 and greatly fluctuated with population dynamics. During the migration peak, prevailing downdraft winds benefited M. separata moths to land passively. Trajectory simulation showed that immigrants were from Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei provinces and most of them could continue to fly into the northeastern regions of China. These results provide technical support for fine-scale forecasting of the outbreak of M. separata at meso- and micro-scale.     

基于松墨天牛种群动态及其影响因素分析的松材线虫病风险评价

【目的】分析重庆市綦江区松墨天牛种群发生动态及松材线虫病的灾变风险,为深入揭示该虫在当地的成灾机制及防控基础提供依据。【方法】对2015年和2016年APF-I型诱捕器诱捕松墨天牛成虫数据、环境因子、天牛携带线虫数和携带线虫天牛数及枯死松树数量等指标进行统计分析,在此基础上评估了重庆市綦江区松材线虫病的灾变风险。【结果】在年发生总量上,2015年以古南街道松墨天牛种群诱集量最多,其次是三江镇;而2016年以北部林场最多,数量显著增加,其次是篆塘镇。在年发生动态上,2015年和2016年多数林场/镇成虫高峰期主要集中在6月30日至8月1日,但北部林场2016年为9月1日。按提取的3个主成分综合值排序,对天牛成虫发生量影响力由大到小的关键环境因子依次是林型、胸径、郁闭度和树高。由于总方差49.93%的贡献率来自第1主成分,因此从第1主成分看,影响力大小依次是胸径、树高和林型。各地天牛发生量与天牛携带的线虫数以及枯死松树数量均呈显著正相关关系,天牛携带的线虫数与枯死松树数量也呈显著正相关关系。聚类分析结果表明,北部林场、古南街道和篆塘镇15个村子在松材线虫病灾变风险方面明显地聚为3类,其中古南街道花坝村、连城村、清水村和南山村聚为一类,北部林场荣农村、十隆村、顺山村、可乐村、长春村、狮岭村以及篆塘镇铁马村、群乐村、联合村、珠滩村聚为一类,篆塘镇葡萄村独成一类,分别为松材线虫病主发区、高风险区和低风险区。【结论】重庆市綦江区松墨天牛种群呈加速扩散态势,松材线虫病在各环境因素作用下流行灾变的风险高,应加强检疫管理和提高综合防控技术。     

Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity

To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance.     

乙醇水剂法提取武夷水仙茶叶籽油及其品质分析

以武夷水仙茶叶籽为原料,采用乙醇水剂法提取武夷水仙茶叶籽油,通过单因素试验考察了提取温度、料液比、乙醇浓度和pH对提取率的影响,并采用正交试验设计优化了提取工艺条件。结果显示,武夷水仙茶叶籽油最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度30%（V/V）、料液比1∶7、pH 9、提取温度60 ℃,在该条件下武夷水仙茶叶籽油提取率为93.61%。在提取的武夷水仙茶叶籽油中共检测到18种脂肪酸,以油酸（51.77%）、亚油酸（23.14%）为主,∑SFA∶∑MUFA∶∑PUFA=1∶2.64∶1.27,各项理化指标均符合国家标准。结果表明武夷水仙茶叶籽油是一种营养价值较高的植物食用油,研究结论可为武夷山茶产区茶叶籽油提取、品质评价提供理论依据。     

猪活动区域多孔介质模型及其阻力系数的CFD模拟

旨在尝试将躺卧姿势下的猪体简化成不同几何形状以求取其阻力系数,并分析它们的差异性。本研究采用校核过的CFD模型,模拟探究了简化猪模型、半椭球模型、椭球模型和半圆柱模型4种不同躺卧猪模型对猪群区域在X、Y和Z3个垂直方向上阻力系数的影响,分析了4种模型对猪栏内气流以及压力分布的影响。结果表明,椭球模型的惯性阻力系数相比半椭球模型与半圆柱模型更加接近简化猪模型,其在X、Z和Y方向上的惯性阻力系数与简化猪模型之间的相对误差分别为-4.0%、-12.2%和14.7%,并且气流与压力分布基本一致。因此,采用椭球模型代替简化猪模型进行建模计算不仅能保证准确度还能有效提高计算效率。     

水泵水轮机泵工况轴向力特性分析与改善

水泵水轮机是抽水蓄能电站的核心部件,水泵水轮机的轴向力特性对其运行稳定性与安全性具有主要影响。作为一种典型的立式机组,为防止抬机事故的发生,机组转轮部分需要具有向下的轴向力,但在泵工况下,该轴向力容易过大,并可能引起机组下沉。采用计算流体动力学方法,研究分析抽水蓄能水泵水轮机泵工况不同流量与活动导叶开度下的轴向力特性。研究结果表明,在泵小流量、小导叶开度、高扬程的工况下,向下的轴向力较大;采用对称布置的均压管路连接转轮上冠腔体与尾水管,轴向力变为轻微向上,扬程与水力效率无显著变化,有效解决了机组泵工况向下轴向力较大的问题,机组运行的安全性与稳定性得到了显著提高。