中国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状与展望

农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准是农业转基因生物安全管理必不可少的技术保障。截至2021年1月,农业部/农业农村部共发布了农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准47项。本文对我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准体系现状进行初步总结,对国内外农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展现状进行比较,探讨了今后一段时间内农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的发展方向,以期为我国农业转基因生物环境安全检测标准的进一步完善提供借鉴,使其更好地为农业转基因生物安全管理工作提供技术支撑。     

一种改进的CRLP最大许用操作压力设计方法

与传统管线钢管相比,复合材料增强管线钢管(CompositeReinforcedLinePipe,CRLP)具有承压能力高和质量轻等优势,但对其压力设计的研究尚不充分。CSAZ662-2015《油气管道系统》和GB/T35185—2017《石油天然气工业用复合材料增强管线钢管》中最大许用操作压力的设计思路不同,且设计结果差别较大。针对此问题,基于组合薄壁圆筒模型对承压CRLP进行分析,对最大许用操作压力下材料的名义许用应力和真实许用应力进行了区分,进而导出真实许用应力的显式表达形式,并以此作为设计安全裕度的评价指标。分析表明:现有规范和标准中的设计公式均无法保证管线钢和复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,对应两种设计方法,各组分材料的真实许用应力均随CRLP规格差异而发生变化,并且随着试压/预应力处理的历程而改变。基于上述分析和CRLP极限状态下的承载特征,提出一种改进的压力设计方法。新方法优先保证复合材料的真实许用应力为常量,并可由设计系数直接确定;在最大许用操作压力的计算中,考虑了加载历程的影响,物理意义明确。算例表明,其设计安全裕度较现有方法更为合理,对于CRLP压力设计的改进有参考价值。     

Metal leaching and toxicity of denitrifying woodchip bioreactor outflow—Potential reuse application

The denitrifying woodchip bioreactor is designed to remediate nitrate-rich water, including those produced from aquaculture effluents. Reuse of treated bioreactor outflows in recirculating aquaculture would offer considerable water savings and valuable alkalinity recuperation. However, such bioreactors may leach detrimental wood-bound contaminants, preventing outflow reuse. To determine water reuse potential, woodchip media from two hardwood species (white ash, Fraxinus americana; Norway maple, Acer platanoides) were evaluated for 206 d under a range of operating conditions (start-up, steady-state, reducing conditions, and drying-rewetting cycles) for a spectrum of potentially harmful dissolved contaminants. Aerated outflows also were evaluated for acute and chronic toxicity to the biologically sensitive invertebrate Ceriodaphnia dubia. Dissolved metal leaching subsided within the first few weeks of operation, though initial concentrations of copper and zinc were detected at concentrations of concern. Elevated concentrations of tannins-lignin and total ammonia nitrogen were detected throughout the study and were influenced by operational phase. Acute toxicity was not generally detected, though chronic toxicity was observed during drying-rewetting cycles in the maple outflows. The measured toxicity was not correlated with water chemistry, indicating an additive effect of several toxicants. Overall, significant differences in outflow water quality between ash and maple wood species were negligible. Results indicated that bioreactor outflows may be applicable for aquacultural reuse, though reusing outflows immediately following start-up or restarting after a dry period would not be recommended.     

电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测中的研究进展和应用展望

电子鼻因具备操作简单、能够快速、无损检测的特点，满足人们对肉与肉制品安全指标高效和高精确度检测提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了电子鼻技术的检测原理和其在硬件和软件系统方面的发展；从肉与肉制品的新鲜度检测、掺假检测、风味评价、病原微生物污染检测四个方向，对近年来电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测的应用研究进展进行了分析，突出了电子鼻技术应用的可行性和先进性；指出电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测中面临的检测效果参差不齐，电子鼻仪器体积大、价格高昂，模型通用性和普及性不够等不足。最后，本文从硬件系统和软件系统两方面，对未来电子鼻技术的发展及其应用前景进行了展望，包括硬件系统方面提高电子鼻传感器阵列电极膜材料的性能，增强电子鼻耐用性和识别气味的灵敏度；软件系统方面不断探索引入新的模式识别算法，使电子鼻技术实现对气味更快、更准确的识别分析。     

微流控芯片在农产品安全检测中的应用

近年来,随着食品工业的迅猛发展,国内外食品安全事故也频繁发生。开发安全可靠、便携有效的检测方法对食品安全至关重要。微流控芯片集样品前处理、分离和检测等过程为一体,实现了样品前处理和检测分析的自动化、集成化、小型化、低消耗、高效率和便携化,满足了现场、实时检测的需求。本研究对微流控芯片在食品成分、农药残留、兽药残留、食品添加剂和重金属检测中的应用进行归纳总结,为农产品安全检测提供参考。     

道路草花景观对驾驶人员红灯敏感度的影响

近年来,随着对城市道路景观构建的重视,道路绿化、彩化景观愈发优美和引人注目。该文基于152份有效问卷,研究对比分析了3种道路灌-草层的绿化形式(绿篱式、50%草花覆盖式及100%草花覆盖式)对有驾驶经验的受访者红灯敏感度的影响。结果显示,相对于绿篱式道路绿化,草花式道路绿化会造成受访者红灯敏感度降低;女性比男性的红灯敏感度高,但更易受草花干扰;25—45岁年龄段受访者对红灯的敏感度和抗草花干扰能力比18—25岁及45岁以上受访者高;相对于偏好草花式绿化的受访者,偏好绿篱式绿化的受访者有更高的红灯敏感度和抗草花干扰能力。建议应尽量避免在事故易发地段大面积应用颜色艳丽的草花进行道路绿化。     

Hydrodynamic method for estimating production carrying capacity of coastal finfish cage aquaculture in Southeast Asia

This paper presents the development of a simple and generally applicable hydrodynamic method for the estimation of production carrying capacity (PCC) of coastal finfish cage aquaculture. Dimensional analysis was used to find significant and general interdependencies between the hydrodynamics at fish farm locations and particulate wastes deposited on the seafloor by fish farms. Modeled ratios of deposition to emission of particulate wastes underneath fish farms were found to be primarily a function of the flow Reynolds numbers at the farming locations and the non-dimensional settling velocity of emitted wastes. In the non-dimensional model, farming conditions include daily feed rate, proportion of unconsumed feed, and carbon content in feed and fish feces. The relationship can be used to estimate the PCC of floating net cages imposing a threshold value for deposition. Results of in-situ assessments of the benthic impacts of several fish farms in an aquaculture site in the northwest of Bali, Indonesia were used to validate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Predicted results were able to clearly identify fish farms operating beyond ecologically sustainable carrying capacity. The proposed method has broad applicability and could help make decisions regarding the estimation of production potential of individual farms in pristine areas, for providing first estimates in sites that have scarce data, and for assessment, expansion, and optimization of the currently operating aquaculture sites in Southeast Asia, China and potentially other data-poor island nations. As the method relies on dynamic models, it enables straightforward assessments over the entire aquaculture region.