内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量

为了给内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）测土施氮奠定科学基础，本研究采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法”新应用公式，开展了该自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量研究。结果表明：内蒙古高原生长第1年紫花苜蓿土壤碱解氮第1~6级丰缺指标为≥48，20~48，8~20，4~8，2~4和<2 mg·kg^-1，土壤全氮第1~5级丰缺指标为≥1.4，0.8~1.4，0.4~0.8，0.2~0.4和<0.2 g·kg^-1，土壤有机质第1~6级丰缺指标为≥17，10~17，6~10，3~6，2~3和<2 g·kg^-1。当紫花苜蓿目标产量9~18 t·hm^-2、氮肥利用率40%时，内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿第1~6级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，68~135，135~270，203~405，270~540和338~675 kg·hm^-2。     

禁抗后仔猪细菌性腹泻的临床诊断与防治

为了促进食品安全和养猪业的健康发展，禁止在饲料中使用促生长抗生素势在必行。随着我国的饲料禁抗相关法规的推行，饲料企业被严格禁止在饲料生产过程中加入抗生素，这也导致了猪场疾病尤其是肠道疾病的高发，而仔猪肠道发育未完全，免疫系统未发育成熟，更容易发生严重的腹泻甚至死亡。文章对几种常见的仔猪细菌性腹泻疾病进行了回顾，病原包括大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、魏氏梭菌，讨论了它们的临床症状与防控措施，为猪场在防控这些细菌性腹泻提供参考。     

农业生防昆虫黄猄蚁对3种农药的药剂敏感性研究

黄猄蚁(Oecophylla smaragdina)是最早用于农业生防的昆虫,目前已被证明能防治20多种农业害虫,对农林生产具有重要作用,但目前黄猄蚁对常见农药的药剂敏感性尚不清楚。本研究采集云南西双版纳地区的黄猄蚁,使用3种常见农药噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、呋虫胺对其进行了毒力测定,并在培养皿放置毒饵和蚂蚁之后的8 h、16 h、24 h、32 h、40 h、48 h分别记录了黄猄蚁的死亡情况。结果表明: 黄猄蚁对不同药剂的敏感性存在差异,黄猄蚁对呋虫胺,噻虫嗪以及吡虫啉的16h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.130 g/l,0.290 g/l和0.382 g/l,差异显著。连续观察两天后,发现不同农药对黄猄蚁的致死时间也存在差异,该研究可为黄猄蚁生防的利用和保护提供科学参考。     

畜禽粪便厌氧发酵过程抗生素抗性基因归趋及驱动因子分析

针对畜禽养殖业抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)污染问题,该文选取厌氧发酵技术,对比不同厌氧发酵体系内ARGs消长与潜在宿主菌,挖掘不同因子与ARGs的相互关系。结果表明,厌氧发酵体系内微生物群落变化是ARGs消长的主要驱动因子,确定ARGs的潜在宿主菌是目前研究的难点;抗生素和重金属也是ARGs消长的重要驱动因子,控制抗生素污染和重金属污染可有效减缓ARGs污染;可移动遗传元件在ARGs水平传播过程中起着重要作用。综合而言,厌氧发酵体系内各个因子直接或间接影响ARGs消长,其中工艺参数是控制整个厌氧发酵体系的先决因素,在特定工艺参数下,微生物群落与体系物化指标相互影响与制约;微生物通过分子内部可移动遗传元件实现ARGs在不同微生物之间的水平传播。综上所述,通过综合协调各类因子实现厌氧发酵体系内ARGs消控是今后研究重点。     

The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review

Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.     

稻曲病菌Six1类效应蛋白UvSix1-1的功能研究

 稻曲病菌在侵染过程中会分泌大量的效应蛋白来帮助其侵染。本研究鉴定到一个稻曲病菌效应蛋白UvSix1-1,同源序列比对及系统发育分析发现其具有Six1蛋白保守的氨基酸位点,并与多个病原菌中的Six1蛋白具有同源性。进一步研究发现UvSix1-1可以抑制Bax、XEG1和INF1引起的烟草叶片细胞坏死,并且其预测的信号肽区域具有分泌功能,在烟草上瞬时表达UvSix1-1可以促进辣椒疫霉的定殖。对不同稻曲菌株中的序列进行分析,没有发现序列多态性,说明该基因非常保守。以上研究结果表明,UvSix1-1在病原菌侵染过程中发挥作用,研究结果为稻曲病菌效应蛋白的研究提供参考。     

The Determination of Soil Boron Fractions,Their Relationships to Soil Properties and the Availability to Olive (Olea europea L.) Trees

This study was conducted to investigate the various boron fractions in olive tree grown soils. The correlations between boron fractions in leaves, fruits and soil properties were examined. For this purpose cv “Gemlik” olive (Olea europaea L.) orchards were visited. Soil samples from 0–30 cm and 30–60 cm deep, the leaf and fruit samples were collected. The greatest proportion of total soil boron is present in residual form (85–88%). It is followed by organically bound B (2.84–4.50%), specifically adsorbed on soil colloid surfaces (0.93–1.31%), oxides (manganese oxyhydroxides, amorphous Fe and Al oxides, crystalline Fe and Al oxides) bound B (7.27–8.31%). The smallest one readily soluble (extracting plant available) boron values were composed of only 0.40–0.50% of total boron ranging. To determine readily soluble boron five different extraction solutions were in the order Hot water ? 0.01 M CaCl₂ ? 1 M NH₄OAc ? 0.1 M KCl ? 0.005 M DTPA. Fruit boron concentration and soil boron fractions showed close correlations than leaf boron concentration.     

An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae,cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsii in southern Africa

Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.     

牦牛瘤胃微生物抗生素抗性基因对3种外源性刺激因子的响应

通过给牦牛投喂硫酸头孢喹肟(CEF)、盐酸二氟沙星(DIF)和黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1),并进行瘤胃微生物宏基因组测序,旨在揭示这3种外源性刺激因子对抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)种类、抗性类型、抗性机制等的影响,对于深入研究微生物抗性组特征和抗性机制具有重要价值。选取15头牦牛,随机分5组。Cef组和Dif组分别根据说明书推荐剂量按体重计算、灌服CEF 1 mg·kg^-1和DIF 1 mL·kg^-1;E1组和E2组分别按采食量投喂AFB120、60μg·kg^-1;C组为对照组。处理7 d后,采集瘤胃液,提取DNA,Illumina HiSeq测序,对reads counts进行标准化得到TPM值,并进行方差分析。结果显示,对照组共获得132种ARGs,分属30种抗性类型,其中,四环素类tetQ和tetW基因丰度较高;Cef组tetW基因丰度增加(P<0.05),Dif组tetQ丰度增加(P<0.05);Cef组四环素类和头孢菌素类抗性基因丰度增加(P<0.05),Dif组四环素类和氨基香豆素类抗性基因丰度增加(P<0.05),E1组氨基香豆素和青霉烯类抗性基因丰度增加(P<0.05),E2组青霉烯类、头孢菌素类等9类抗性基因丰度均增多(P<0.05);Dif组Erm基因23S核糖体RNA甲基转移酶丰度增加(P<0.05),E2组中ATP结合盒超家族等3种抗性机制相关基因的丰度增加(P<0.05);3种因子均显著增加四环素类ARGs宿主的种类。结论:瘤胃是蕴含丰富ARGs的储藏库,其中,四环素类抗生素抗性基因tetQ和tetW是主要的ARGs。不仅CEF和DIF使部分ARGs的种类、抗性类型以及耐药机制相关酶等的丰度升高,增加瘤胃微生物的耐药性,而且AFB1也具有类似作用,且高剂量AFB1对抗性类型的影响范围较抗生素大。这3种因子还导致携带四环素类ARGs宿主微生物的种类数量增加,从而强化横向转移机制,加快ARGs传播,增强微生物对四环素类的耐药性。     

基于云课堂的混合式教学法在实践课程教学的研究

随着信息技术的发展,以及传统教学模式下学生学习现状的不容乐观,世界范围内多种新教改模式相继出现。其中以云课堂为基础的混合式教学法,迅速扩展到教育的各个领域。本文研究了云课堂的混合式教学法在我校药物分析与检验技术课程中的实践应用,从研究背景、研究的方法目标及实践教学设计等方面进行了阐述。