不同花色牡丹品种花瓣色素含量及成分分析

以分属白、粉、红3个色系的6个牡丹品种花瓣为试材,采用薄层层析色谱法(TLC)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV)和高效液相色谱仪-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-DAD)研究不同花色牡丹品种花瓣中的色素含量,并进行了定性分析。结果表明:粉色和红色系牡丹中检测出2种花青苷,分别是矢车菊素-3,5-二葡糖苷和芍药花素-3,5-二葡糖苷,白色系牡丹中未检测到花青苷类物质,其中矢车菊素-3,5-二葡糖苷在粉色系牡丹中含量较高,而红色系中总黄酮和总花青苷的含量最高。     

高花青素洋葱品种"秀球赤玉"的选育与特征特性

“秀球赤玉”是以高花青素深紫皮不育系562A为母本，以高花青素深紫皮自交系2014-7-10-6为父本培育的中日照、早熟、高花青素三系杂交种。其表现：鳞茎大圆球形，花青素含量高达68.8 mg/g；洋葱鳞片从外至里均为深紫色，色泽亮，外观漂亮，商品率高；辣味轻，口感脆甜，可生食；植株长势强，抗病，耐抽薹，分球、裂球少；假茎细且收口紧，耐贮性好；平均单球质量600～1 000 g，667 m2产量8 000～12 000 kg；适宜在中日照地区推广，2019—2020年累计推广面积超过1 500 hm2。     

苹果生长素响应因子MdARF5的克隆与功能鉴定

【目的】分离苹果生长素响应因子Md ARF5(Auxin Response Factor 5),分析其对生长素的响应,鉴定其在调节花青苷合成过程中的作用,揭示Md ARF5的生物学功能,为进一步研究生长素对花青苷的调节提供理论依据。【方法】以‘嘎拉’苹果(Malus×domestica‘Royal Gala’)为材料,利用同源克隆技术,克隆得到一个ARF(Auxin Response Factor)转录因子,并将其命名为Md ARF5。利用MEGA5.0软件构建多物种间系统进化树。通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化获得转基因苹果愈伤组织。比较野生型和转基因苹果愈伤组织花青苷积累的差异。利用烟草叶片瞬时转化试验,分析Md ARF5对Md MYB1的转录调控。【结果】克隆获得苹果生长素响应因子Md ARF5(序列号:MDP0000143749),该基因CDS为2 691 bp,编码含有896个氨基酸的蛋白。系统进化树分析表明,苹果Md ARF5与梨Pb ARF5同源性最高。基因表达分析显示,该基因响应生长素处理,并且与花青苷合成相关基因表现出相反的表达模式。在苹果愈伤组织中超表达Md ARF5,其花青苷积累较野生型显著降低,表明Md ARF5在调控花青苷积累过程中发挥重要作用。对苹果Md MYB1启动子序列进行分析,发现其序列包含一个Md ARF5的结合位点。烟草瞬时表达试验显示,Md ARF5能够抑制Md MYB1的表达。【结论】推测苹果Md ARF5可能通过直接抑制Md MYB1的表达负调节花青苷的积累。     

红掌AaMYB1基因的克隆、表达及异源转化研究

MYB类转录因子在植物观赏器官色彩形成中发挥关键作用。为了研究红掌中该类转录因子的种类、表达、作用机理等,本研究从红掌中获得了一个MYB转录因子的基因序列,通过反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、生物信息学软件分析、荧光定量PCR检测、构建超表达载体并异源转化烟草等手段,对该转录因子进行了初步研究。结果表明,该转录因子编码基因包含完整编码区,共计912 bp,编码303个氨基酸残基,序列组成与其他物种同源体具有高度相似性;荧光定量分析显示,Aa MYB1在红掌不同组织部位都有表达,但在苞片中表达量最高;获得了12株阳性转化株,形态观察发现转化株营养器官花色素累积程度随基因表达不同而异,但可使所有转化株花器官颜色显著加深。本研究结果为进一步探究MYB转录因子在红掌中调控花色素合成等信息提供了有益参考。     

理化因子对‘芙蓉李’花色苷稳定性的影响

‘芙蓉李’是南方种植面积大、鲜食与加工兼用的优良李品种。本研究以‘芙蓉李’为材料,研究温度、pH、光照、金属离子、氧化还原剂等理化因子对‘芙蓉李’花色苷稳定性的影响。结果表明：‘芙蓉李’花色苷在60 ℃、2 h以内比较稳定;pH对花色苷的稳定性有显著影响,并在酸性条件下较为稳定,但光照能加速花色苷的降解;金属离子中K ⁺和Fe ³⁺可增强花色苷的稳定性,而Al ³⁺会使花色苷的稳定性下降;‘芙蓉李’花色苷耐氧化性、还原性差。     

‘品丽珠’葡萄不同营养系酚类物质差异分析

筛选山东蓬莱产区酿酒葡萄‘品丽珠’黄烷醇、花色素苷含量较高的优良营养系，以期为发挥其酿酒性能提供理论依据。以蓬莱产区品丽珠母本及3个芽变营养系（214、327、623）为试材，采用分光光度计法分析葡萄果皮和种子中总酚、总单宁、总花色素含量，利用高效液相色谱法分析酚酸类、黄酮醇类、黄烷醇类、花色苷单体及白藜芦醇含量。研究结果表明，黄烷醇是种子和果皮中主要的单体酚，其中儿茶素含量最高；二甲花翠素葡萄糖苷是果皮中主要的花色苷。在相同的栽培管理条件和自然条件下，品丽珠不同营养系间的酚类物质差异较明显，相同营养系不同年份间也有显著差异。其中营养系623果皮和种子的总酚、种子的单宁和黄烷醇以及果皮和种子中的酚酸类、单体花色苷含量显著高于其他营养系和母本。     

‘越心’草莓组培突变体着色差异的分子机理初探

初步探讨了在‘越心’草莓（Fragaria × ananassa‘Yuexin’）茎尖离体培养再生植株中发现的稳定变异突变体着色差异的分子机理。分析结果显示，突变体与‘越心’在植株形态、始花期、始果期、始熟期、单果质量、平均株产、果形、风味等方面均无明显差异；而突变体外果皮色泽较淡，L*值较高，a*值较低，H色度角值较大，颜色指数CIRG显著小，且果肉不着色（‘越心’果肉红色）。突变体果实总花青苷含量为‘越心’的13.2%，其中以天竺葵素–3–O–葡萄糖苷（Pg3G）含量差异最大，突变体Pg3G含量仅为‘越心’的12.9%。花青苷合成途径结构基因FaF3H、FaCHS、FaDFR、FaANS、FaCHI、Fa3GT的表达水平在突变体中显著降低，这可能是突变体成熟果实花青苷水平显著低于‘越心’的直接原因。FaMYB10和FaMYB1在突变体中的表达水平显著下降，且FaMYB10在几个主成分中的特征向量绝对值均显著较高，进一步证实了MYB10是草莓成熟过程中花青苷合成的类黄酮或苯丙烷类化合物途径主要调节因子之一。提取叶片基因组DNA进行基于KASP标记的基因分型结果显示，74对KASP引物在‘越心’草莓及其突变体中的基因分型不存在差异。本结果初步证实突变导致参与调控花青苷合成途径的关键基因表达发生显著下调从而使花青苷积累显著减少，果实着色变淡。     

彩花油菜的创建及遗传育种进展

油菜既是重要的油料作物，也是极具观赏价值的大田作物，成片的菜花每年吸引大量游客。近年来，随着农业旅游项目的不断研发，油菜花成为越来越重要的特色旅游资源，而且以黄色为主的菜花正在被白色、红色、紫色等彩色菜花所丰富，花色油菜种质的创制也被越来越多的育种家所突破。本文主要介绍了通过远缘杂交、原生质体融合、人工诱变、基因工程等方法获得的不同花色油菜新种质，概述了有关油菜花色的遗传机理、进化与选择等的研究进展，综述了彩花油菜育种的最新进展，并就未来发展趋势做了展望和建议。     

Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 activity during meiosis resumption in mammals

In vivo, resumption of oocyte meiosis occurs in large ovarian follicles after the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). The LH surge leads to the activation of a broad signaling network in mural granulosa cells equipped with LH receptors. The signals generated in the mural granulosa cells are further augmented by locally produced peptides or steroids and transferred to the cumulus cell compartment and the oocyte itself. Over the last decade, essential progress has been made in the identification of molecular events associated with the final maturation and ovulation of mammalian oocytes. All new evidence argues for a multiple roles of mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/1 (MAPK3/1) in the gonadotropin-induced ovulation processes. However, the knowledge of gonadotropin-induced signaling pathways leading to MAPK3/1 activation in follicular cells seems limited. To date, only the LH-induced transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor/MAPK3/1 pathway has been described in granulosa/cumulus cells even though other mechanisms of MAPK3/1 activation have been detected in other types of cells. In this review, we aimed to summarize recent advances in the elucidation of gonadotropin-induced mechanisms leading to the activation of MAPK3/1 in preovulatory follicles and cultured cumulus-oocyte complexes and to point out a specific role of this kinase in the processes accompanying final maturation of the mammalian oocyte.     

Analysis of the structure of lignin-carbohydrate complexes by the specific13C tracer method

In the present study the specifically¹³C-enriched lignin precursors of biosynthesis (i.e., coniferin-[side chain–¹³C], coniferin-[side chain-–¹³C] and coniferin-[side chain-–¹³C]) were synthesized and administered exogeneously to ginkgo shoots (Ginkgo biloba L.) to obtain¹³C-enriched lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs). The specifically¹³C-enriched LCCs were isolated from the newly formed xylem of ginkgo shoots administered with the¹³C-enriched precursors and degraded by enzymes. Lignin-rich fractions, so called enzyme-degraded LCCs (EDLCCs), were obtained. By determining their¹³C-NMR spectra, information related to the chemical structure of lignin building units and linkages between phenylpropane units of lignin and carbohydrates were obtained. It was found that these precursors were incorporated in natural lignin successfully. Three lignin-carbohydrates linkages (i.e., ether type, ester type, ketal type) were found at the C -position of the side chain of phenylpropane units in ginkgo LCC. No lignin-carbohydrate bond at the C- or C-position of the lignin side chain was observed in the¹³C-NMR spectra of the¹³C-enriched LCCs. This fact indicates that a specific¹³C tracer technique can be useful in NMR study of the chemical structure of LCCs.Part of this paper was presented at the 5th Pacific Polymer Conference, Kyongju, Korea, October 1997