Phylogeny and nomenclature of the genus Talaromyces and taxa accommodated in Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium

The taxonomic history of anamorphic species attributed to Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium is reviewed, along with evidence supporting their relationship with teleomorphic species classified in Talaromyces. To supplement previous conclusions based on ITS, SSU and/or LSU sequencing that Talaromyces and subgenus Biverticillium comprise a monophyletic group that is distinct from Penicillium at the generic level, the phylogenetic relationships of these two groups with other genera of Trichocomaceae was further studied by sequencing a part of the RPB1 (RNA polymerase II largest subunit) gene. Talaromyces species and most species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticilliumsensu Pitt reside in a monophyletic clade distant from species of other subgenera of Penicillium. For detailed phylogenetic analysis of species relationships, the ITS region (incl. 5.8S nrDNA) was sequenced for the available type strains and/or representative isolates of Talaromyces and related biverticillate anamorphic species. Extrolite profiles were compiled for all type strains and many supplementary cultures. All evidence supports our conclusions that Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium is distinct from other subgenera in Penicillium and should be taxonomically unified with the Talaromyces species that reside in the same clade. Following the concepts of nomenclatural priority and single name nomenclature, we transfer all accepted species of Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium to Talaromyces. A holomorphic generic diagnosis for the expanded concept of Talaromyces, including teleomorph and anamorph characters, is provided. A list of accepted Talaromyces names and newly combined Penicillium names is given. Species of biotechnological and medical importance, such as P. funiculosum and P. marneffei, are now combined in Talaromyces. Excluded species and taxa that need further taxonomic study are discussed. An appendix lists other generic names, usually considered synonyms of Penicillium sensu lato that were considered prior to our adoption of the name Talaromyces. TAXONOMIC NOVELTIES: Taxonomic novelties:New species - Talaromyces apiculatus Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, sp. nov. New combinationsand names - Talaromyces aculeatus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. albobiverticillius (H.-M. Hsieh, Y.-M. Ju & S.-Y. Hsieh) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. allahabadensis (B.S. Mehrotra & D. Kumar) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. aurantiacus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, Yilmaz, & Frisvad, T. boninensis (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz, & Frisvad, T. brunneus (Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. calidicanius (J.L. Chen) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. cecidicola (Seifert, Hoekstra & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. coalescens (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. dendriticus (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. diversus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. duclauxii (Delacr.) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. echinosporus (Nehira) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, comb. nov. T. erythromellis (A.D. Hocking) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. funiculosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. islandicus (Sopp) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. loliensis (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. marneffei (Segretain, Capponi & Sureau) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. minioluteus (Dierckx) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. palmae (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. panamensis (Samson, Stolk & Frisvad) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. paucisporus (Yaguchi, Someya & Udagawa) Samson & Houbraken T. phialosporus (Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. piceus (Raper & Fennell) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. pinophilus (Hedgcock) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. pittii (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. primulinus (Pitt) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. proteolyticus (Kamyschko) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. pseudostromaticus (Hodges, G.M. Warner, Rogerson) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. purpurogenus (Stoll) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rademirici (Quintan.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. radicus (A.D. Hocking & Whitelaw) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. ramulosus (Visagie & K. Jacobs) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rubicundus (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. rugulosus (Thom) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. sabulosus (Pitt & A.D. Hocking) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. siamensis (Manoch & C. Ramírez) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. sublevisporus (Yaguchi & Udagawa) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. variabilis (Sopp) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. varians (G. Sm.) Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad, T. verruculosus (Peyronel) Samson, Yilmaz, Frisvad & Seifert, T. viridulus Samson, Yilmaz & Frisvad.     

Identification of QTLs associated with resistance to Phomopsis pod blight (Diaporthe toxica) in Lupinus albus

Phomopsis blight in Lupinus albus is caused by a fungal pathogen, Diaporthe toxica. It can invade all plant parts, leading to plant material becoming toxic to grazing animals, and potentially resulting in lupinosis. Identifying sources of resistance and breeding for resistance remains the best strategy for controlling Phomopsis and reducing lupinosis risks. However, loci associated with resistance to Phomopsis blight have not yet been identified. In this study, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis identified genomic regions associated with resistance to Phomopsis pod blight (PPB) using a linkage map of L. albus constructed previously from an F₈ recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Kiev-Mutant (susceptible to PPB) and {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"P27174","term_id":"14195583","term_text":"P27174"}}P27174 (resistant to PPB). Phenotyping was undertaken using a detached pod assay. In total, we identified eight QTLs for resistance to PPB on linkage group (LG) 3, LG6, LG10, LG12, LG17 and LG27 from different phenotyping environments. However, at least one QTL, QTL-5 on LG10 was consistently detected in both phenotyping environments and accounted for up to 28.2% of the total phenotypic variance. The results of this study showed that the QTL-2 on LG3 interacts epistatically with QTL-5 and QTL-6, which map on LG10 and LG12, respectively.     

几种虫草无性型及其相关真菌SOD比较研究

采用氮蓝四唑光照法比较了几种虫草无性型及其相关真菌的SOD酶比活力及粗酶含量,同时应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法进行了活性显示.结果表明,不同菌种,SOD酶谱差别较大,而分离自冬虫夏草的HS系列菌株和虫草簇孢SIN-1菌株图谱较接近;蝉拟青霉(PC-1)干重的SOD酶比活力最高,达874.3 U·g-1,其次是细脚拟青霉(PT-1)干重的为537.6 U·g-1,HS-1菌株干重的SOD酶比活力为466.9 U·g-1.供试菌株的粗酶含量占干重的百分比在0.73%～2.50%之间.综合酶比活力和含量考虑,蝉拟青霉和HS-1菌株在抗氧化方面具有较好的开发应用前景.     

Detection of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) using fungal culture and a generic fungal PCR

AIMS: To describe the methods used at the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL, Ministry for Primary Industries) to identify Paranannizziopsis australasiensis.

METHODS: Skin biopsy samples from two adult male tuatara were submitted to the AHL in March 2014. Approximately half of each sample was processed for fungal culture and incubated on mycobiotic agar containing cycloheximide at 30°C. Following morphological examination of the culture products, DNA was extracted from suspect colonies. PCR was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal rRNA using primers ITS1 and ITS4. Positive amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing and the results were compared to published sequences. In addition, DNA was extracted from the remaining skin samples and the same PCR was carried out to compare the results.

RESULTS: After 7 days of incubation, colonies morphologically resembling P. australasiensis were observed. DNA extracted from these isolates tested positive for P. australasiensis by PCR and DNA sequencing. Samples of DNA extracted directly from the infected skin samples tested negative for P. australasiensis using the generic fungal PCR.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Isolation and identification of P. australasiensis was carried out using a combination of fungal culture and molecular testing available at AHL. Results were available in significantly less time than in the past, when isolates had to be sent overseas. PCR and sequencing of fungal isolates is a valuable tool for identification of species that have few, if any, unique macroscopic or microscopic features to aid identification. Further sampling from captive and wild New Zealand reptiles will provide important information on the epidemiology of P. australasiensis, and the conservation and management implications for tuatara and other native reptile species.     

安徽的虫草及其相关真菌Ⅱ

对安徽省分布的布氏虫草Cordyceps brongniartii及其无性型布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii、柱形虫草Cordyceps cylindrica及其无性型紫色野村菌Nomuraea atypicola、牯牛降异虫草Metacordyceps guniujiangensis及其无性型柱孢绿僵菌近似种Metarhizium aff.cylindrosporum、根足线虫草琅琊山变种Ophiocordyceps heteropodavar.langyashanensis及其无性型根足被毛孢Hirsutella heteropoda、腮金龟线虫草O.melolonthae、蜻蜓线虫草O.odonatae、蝼蛄线虫草(朝鲜虫草)O.gryllotalpae和草剃虫草Cordyceps kusanagiensis等20个虫草及其相关真菌种类重新整理发表,其中腮金龟虫草为中国大陆首次报道;同时,纠正了蜻蜓线虫草原始描述中的错误。鉴定标本保存在安徽农业大学虫生真菌研究中心(RCEFAAU)。     

不同分离方法获得的冬虫夏草无性型菌株的交配型 基因MAT1-2-1的初步分析

对采用不同分离方法获得的40个冬虫夏草（Ophiocordyceps sinensis）无性型菌株进行交配型基因MAT1-2-1的PCR特异扩增,并随机取其中7个拼接好的MAT1-2-1的碱基序列,与4个来自GenBank 数据在内的共11个样品构建了系统发育树。结果表明,采自青海的7个供试菌株,连同GenBank中来自青海的菌株（FJ654176）共同组成了一大类群,而GenBank中其他地区的菌株则聚成另外的类群;随机分离得到的10个单子囊孢子菌株全部含有MAT1-2-1基因, MAT1-1: MAT1-2未见按4:4进行分离,提示冬虫夏草极有可能是同宗配型。     

Deep fungal dermatitis caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii in captive coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata)

Deep fungal dermatitis caused by the Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV) was diagnosed in a group of coastal bearded dragons (Pogona barbata). The outbreak extended over a 6-month period, with four of six lizards from the same zoological outdoor enclosure succumbing to infection. A fifth case of dermatomycosis was identified in a pet lizard originally sourced from the wild. Diagnosis of infection with the CANV was based on similar clinical signs and histopathology in all animals and confirmed by culture and sequencing of the fungus from one animal. This is the first report of the CANV causing disease in a terrestrial reptile species in Australia and the first in the coastal bearded dragon.     

Fusarium rosicola sp. nov. causing vascular wilt on Rosa chinensis

Chinese rose (Rosa chinensis) is one of the most popular and widely cultivated flowers worldwide and has extremely high economic and ornamental value. In 2020 wilt disease on R. chinensis was discovered in Pukou District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. Fungal isolates were obtained from the stems of the rose. According to morphological characteristics and multilocus phylogenetic analyses with the sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1-α), and part of the RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), the isolates YJ1 to YJ4 were determined as a new species of Fusarium solani species complex, and named as Fusarium rosicola sp. nov., which is hereby described and illustrated. Pathogenicity of the isolate YJ1 was verified by Koch's postulates. The fungus was determined as the pathogen causing rose vascular wilt. The isolate YJ1 was labelled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), and roots of R. chinensis were inoculated. The result showed that the fungus infected the vascular tissue of the host plants and caused withering of the above-ground parts, resulting in the death of the whole plant. The GFP-labelled pathogen was reisolated from the stems and foliage, proving that this is a newly emerged systemic disease on R. chinensis in the world.     

多形白僵菌与布氏虫草近似种的关系

报道了采于安徽霍山的布氏虫草近似种 Cordycepsbrongniartii Shimazu aff.。通过子囊孢子的微循环产孢证实其无性型是多形白僵菌 Beauveria amorpha Samson,并成功诱发出有性型子实体     

一种丝孢菌的分生孢子发育研究

十字斯氏格孢(Spegazzinia tessarthra)为暗色丝孢菌,有a,b两种类型的分生孢子:a型分生孢子具4~8个近球形细胞,暗褐色,有刺突,生于长的分生孢子梗上;b型分生孢子近圆形,淡色至暗褐色,光滑,生于短的分生孢子梗上。采用玻片培养观察法,对该菌的分生孢子的产生方式及发育类型进行了研究。结果表明,该菌的两种分生孢子均能萌发,且均由产孢细胞的顶端向外突起并生长膨大而形成,属于全壁芽生单生式产孢方式(Holoblastic-solitary)。