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1.
Saltation is the major particle movement type in wind erosion process. Saltating sand grains can rebound up to tens of times larger in length and height over hard surface(such as gravel surface) than over loose sand surface. Gravels usually have different faces, causing distinct response of the impacting grains, but the effects of the grain and gravel-surface contact angle on grain rebound are not yet well quantified. We performed full-range controlled experiments of grain saltation using different contact angles, grain sizes and impact speeds in still air, to show that contact angle increases the height of representative saltation path but decreases particle travel length. The results were compared with outputs from the COMprehensive numerical model of SALTation(COMSALT). Large saltation height of 4.8 m and length of 9.0 m were recorded. The maximum and representative saltation height over the gravel surface were found to be about 4.9 times and 12.8 times those over the loose sandy surface, respectively. The maximum saltation length may be reduced by 58% and the representative saltation height may be increased by 77% as contact angle increases from 20° to 40°. We further showed that the collision inertia contributes 60% of the saltation length, and wind contributes to the other 40%. These quantitative findings have important implications for modeling saltation trajectory over gravel surface. 相似文献
2.
为深入对比污水处理池中搅拌器不同安放角度对其水力特性的影响,文中基于Fluent对搅拌器在不同安放角度下的水力特性进行数值模拟,得出适合搅拌器工作的较优工况.利用标准k-ε湍流模型及 SIMPLEC 算法对不同工况进行模拟,对比相应的流速分布和搅拌器中心所在平面的速度分量.结果表明:当搅拌器安放角度为-15°时,处理池内平均流速较高该工况下处理池内平均流速较高且搅拌器消耗的功率较小.通过分析搅拌器安放位置中心横断面的速度分量发现,经过搅拌器的水体呈现螺旋状向流向方向发展;在直角坐标系中3个方向速度分量各不相同.在搅拌器安放角度为-15°时,水体流速在轴y,z分量较大且不与墙体冲突.因此,在实际应用中适当改变搅拌器的安放角度,可以有效改善水体循环流动,优化搅拌器的搅拌效果,研究结果可为潜水搅拌器的实际工程提供参考. 相似文献
3.
[目的]研究粉土颗粒的接触角滞后特性,掌握土壤增湿或脱湿过程中的界面特性,为建立离散元接触模型提供相应的试验基础。[方法]用躺滴法对土颗粒表面的初始接触角及动态接触角进行测量,用直接观测法对增湿和脱湿条件下土颗粒与孔隙水的接触角进行测量。[结果]天然粉土的平均初始接触角为41.5°,远大于0,广泛用在具有连续表面固体动态接触角测量的3种方式仅有1种能测出土颗粒表面的动态接触角,且3种土样的后退接触角都大于0。初始接触角的小大对蒸发(脱湿)过程中土颗粒与孔隙水的接触角变化规律影响不大。同一试样,不同土颗粒与孔隙水间的接触角在脱湿过程中的变化规律并不一致,甚至会出现脱湿过程中接触角由小变大的情况。亲水土与斥水土的增湿模式差异较大,亲水土在增湿过程中先形成液桥再形成包裹土颗粒的液膜,而斥水土则是先在土颗粒表面形成液滴,再由液滴连接成包裹土颗粒的液膜。[结论]土颗粒的接触角存在明显的接触角滞后现象,土颗粒表面的接触角和土颗粒间的接触角并不一致,实际应用时需要严格区分。 相似文献
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针对变量喷雾过程中引起压力变化的问题,为研究其中压力稳定性现象,利用PID恒压控制和PWM变流控制相结合的方法,建立了恒压变流喷雾试验台。在试验台上进行恒压控制试验、喷雾角测量和雾量分布测量试验,从而验证所搭建的恒压变流喷雾装置的恒压稳定性。结果表明:在喷雾流量发生变化时,试验装置能使喷头的喷雾角和雾量分布稳定在固定范围内。 相似文献
6.
为探索当前多主体参与以及多供应链合作的全过程网络化食品追溯的实施路径,从多功能开放型食品供需网的角度开展食品质量追溯研究,提出了区块链赋能食品供需网的创新追溯模式。在探讨区块链与食品供需网的网络结构协同和系统功能协同机制基础上,构建了区块链赋能食品供需网的追溯模式总体框架,并以加工食品为例阐述了模式的具体运作。研究表明,区块链技术的赋能为食品供需网追溯提供了强有力的技术支持和实现手段的支撑,并且该模式更加符合当前食品复杂网络追溯的现状,极大程度上解决了目前食品追溯存在的集中化控制,信息不完整、可信度低等问题,深化多主体、多供应链合作意识,为食品追溯发展提供模式借鉴。 相似文献
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针对甘薯秧蔓机械化回收过程中离散元仿真研究缺乏准确参数值的问题,采用直接测量和虚拟标定相结合的方法对碎甘薯茎秆和叶片离散元仿真参数进行研究。采用物理试验法获得碎甘薯秧的本征参数、碰撞恢复系数等参数值及碎甘薯秧颗粒的静摩擦系数参数范围,并为离散元法仿真设计了不同的参数组合。通过堆积角优化仿真试验确定甘薯叶片本征参数及其他不易直接测量的离散元仿真参数。Plackett-Burman试验表明,甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—45钢的静摩擦系数、甘薯茎秆—甘薯茎秆和甘薯茎秆—甘薯叶的滚动摩擦系数均显著影响堆积角。运用最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken优化试验标定了对碎甘薯秧堆积角有显著影响的参数值,以得到的参数进行颗粒堆积仿真试验,测得堆积角平均值为40.51°,与实测值相对误差为0.972%,说明物理试验加优化仿真试验来标定离散元参数是可行的,标定所得的参数可作为甘薯秧茎叶离散元仿真参数。 相似文献
9.
针对水气两相瞬变现象,充分考虑了水体弹性、气体可压缩性、水-气交界面的动态运动以及多段气团间相互作用,采用三维CFD方法对起伏管道内含多段滞留气团的水气两相作用进行建模和模拟,选择Standard k-ε湍流模型进行模拟研究,将三维计算结果、现有一维模型计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析,并通过水气两相分布图展现动态变化过程.结果表明:与一维模型相比,三维CFD模型能够更为准确地模拟起伏管道内瞬变压力波动,并且能够清楚描述水气掺混、耦合的动态变化.水流冲击初始两段滞留气团压力波动曲线显示,多气团间的瞬变压力并非同步变化,可能呈现多气团峰值压力交替出现的情况,这与初始气团长度密切相关.水气交界面自由变化,阻断水体长度时刻发生变化,当水体运动到管道弯曲处时会产生新的阻断水体,将气团分成若干部分. 相似文献
10.
Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH3, H2S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH4, CO2) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China. 相似文献