水流冲击多段滞留气团的三维数值模拟

针对水气两相瞬变现象,充分考虑了水体弹性、气体可压缩性、水-气交界面的动态运动以及多段气团间相互作用,采用三维CFD方法对起伏管道内含多段滞留气团的水气两相作用进行建模和模拟,选择Standard k-ε湍流模型进行模拟研究,将三维计算结果、现有一维模型计算结果与试验结果进行对比分析,并通过水气两相分布图展现动态变化过程.结果表明:与一维模型相比,三维CFD模型能够更为准确地模拟起伏管道内瞬变压力波动,并且能够清楚描述水气掺混、耦合的动态变化.水流冲击初始两段滞留气团压力波动曲线显示,多气团间的瞬变压力并非同步变化,可能呈现多气团峰值压力交替出现的情况,这与初始气团长度密切相关.水气交界面自由变化,阻断水体长度时刻发生变化,当水体运动到管道弯曲处时会产生新的阻断水体,将气团分成若干部分.     

Review of Measurement Technologies for Air Pollutants at Livestock and Poultry Farms

With the intensification of livestock breeding, the air quality problem of livestock farms caused by high density breeding is becoming more and more serious. Animal husbandry has become one of the important sources of air pollutants in China. Air emitted from most intensive livestock houses contains a large amount of pollutants, including ammonia, sulfides, particulate matters (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which not only poses a big threat to animals and workers in livestock farms, but also spreads to the surrounding environment resulting in air pollution. Scientific and applicable air pollutants measuring methods are the basis of monitoring and controlling air pollution in livestock and poultry farms. In this article, the detection methods of livestock farming related hazardous gases (e.g., NH₃, H₂S), greenhouse gases, particulate matters and odor were summarized. The detection methods of hazardous gases in livestock houses mainly include chemical analysis, semiconductor gas sensor detection, spectroscopic methodology and mass spectrometry. The wet-chemical method is cheap and can detect gases sensitively and accurately, while it cannot detect gases in real time, and the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. The gas tube is cheap and easy to operate, but the deviation is great. Electrochemical sensor is of high sensitivity, moderate cost and can be used to detect gas concentration continuously, however, the devices are easy to age. Spectrum method and mass spectrometry can detect gas quickly and accurately, but it is not suitable for conventional air detection of productive livestock farming due to its high costs. In this paper, the detection methods of greenhouse gases (e.g., CH₄, CO₂) generated from animal intestinal fermentation and livestock environment were also summarized. It is hard to conclude an accurate detection of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry, because the concentrations of greenhouse gases in animal husbandry changes all the time (diurnal and seasonal) and are related to other factors including sampling points. No international common testing method and measurement standard are concluded till now, therefore, the research of greenhouse gases detection method and standard in animal husbandry should be carried out as soon as possible. The detection methods of particulate matters (PM) in livestock farms were reviewed from three aspects: physical, chemical and biological characteristics. PM contains complex components in livestock farms, therefore, it is highly needed to improve PM detection technology. Besides, the component analysis and sensory analysis of odorous substances in livestock farms were overviewed. The odor analysis of professional olfactory discernment personnel owns stronger subjectivity and costs higher than gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. While, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is unable to determine all gaseous organic compounds with one sample. Combining gas chromatography and dynamic olfactometer can be more efficient for comprehensive analysis of odor samples. In this article, detection methods and techniques of air pollutants in animal husbandry were comprehensively reviewed to provide a reference for the development of air pollutants detection technologies in livestock and poultry breeding in China.     

热风干燥过程中山药水分状态的变化研究

为了解山药的水分赋存状态的变化，以襄阳道地山药为材料，分别在60、70、80、90、100 ℃条件下进行热风干燥，采用低场核磁共振（LF-NMR）和差式量热扫描（DSC）技术，每隔15 min测定山药在热风干燥过程中的水分状态及迁移规律。结果表明，在60~90 ℃条件下，温度越高，干基含水率的降速越快。山药的T2弛豫图谱有3个较为明显的吸收峰，随干燥进程的延续，各峰面积均明显减少，其中自由水所在峰的面积降幅最大，表明干燥过程中自由水散失最多，而且自由水逐渐向半结合水和结合水迁移，冷冻峰和解冻峰也随之变小。但在100 ℃下干燥时，样品可能因表面板结导致干基含水率、低场核磁吸收峰升高，冷冻和解冻峰面积增加。因此，在实际干燥过程中，山药的热风干燥温度不宜高至100 ℃。     

基于南方红壤耕地气压深松铲的设计与深松仿真分析

针对现有深松机在红壤耕地犁底层土壤深松阻力大、幅宽小、效率低等问题,设计一种基于气压劈裂的气压深松铲。采用CFD软件建立南方耕地红壤犁底层土壤的模型进行深松气压范围标定,并针对相同气压2 MPa下不同容重犁底层土壤的扩散特性进行研究。结果表明:红壤犁底层容重1.8g/cm~3土壤的有效起劈气压范围为1.6～2.4MPa;容重1.6g/cm~3、1.8g/cm~3的犁底层土壤裂隙主要沿水平方向扩散,容重1.4g/cm~3的犁底层土壤裂隙则同时沿竖直方向与水平方向扩散;容重越大的犁底层土壤,深松效果越好。     

喷雾降温风机风筒优化设计与试验

为缓解高温热害对茶果树的影响,基于圆弧板型叶片模型设计了一种喷雾降温风机,并对风筒结构进行建模和动力学仿真。以出风口直径、进风段长度和出风段长度为试验因素,以风机出口总压和风速为试验指标,采用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件优化风筒结构参数。优化结果表明,各因素对出口总压和风速的影响由大到小依次为出风口直径、出风段长度、进风段长度。最优参数组合为出风口直径1 070 mm、进风段长度350 mm和出风段长度270 mm。选取WJ-7010、WJ-8010型喷嘴,利用优化后的风筒结构进行了风速试验和喷雾降温性能试验。风速试验表明,当风筒出风口直径和总长度分别为1 070、840 mm时,出风口风量为701.30 m~3/min,最大风速为16.00 m/s,有效送风距离约为55.00 m。喷雾降温性能试验结果表明,当使用WJ-8010型喷嘴时,与对照组相比,平均温度降低0.68～11.11℃,最大温差范围为1.80～13.90℃。在38℃高温环境下,喷雾降温风机在20 m范围内的降温幅度接近5℃,降温效果良好。     

玉米秸秆循环流化床气化炉气化工艺参数优化

为实现秸秆类农业生物质废弃物的高效清洁能源化转化利用,采用带有二级返料系统的循环流化床气化炉对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验。在二级返料系统开启及闭合条件下,选取空气当量比为0.20～0.35,研究空气当量比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明二级返料系统开启及闭合两种工况均在空气当量比为0.26时取得较优值,二级返料系统开启时具有较好的气化效果,碳转化率与气化效率最大值分别达到93.54%与77.06%。在二级返料系统开启状态下,试验研究了水蒸气配比对玉米秸秆气化特性的影响,结果表明以空气为主气化介质,辅助以水蒸气气化,可以有效改善气化燃气品质,提升气化效率。当空气当量比为0.26、水蒸气配比为0.2时,玉米秸秆空气—水蒸气气化具有较好的气化特性,燃气热值与气化效率分别达到最大值5.89MJ/m3与81.45%。典型工况条件下的焦油蒸馏馏分分析结果表明,提高气化炉反应温度,并保持一定的水蒸气气化环境,可促进焦油裂解转化。试验可为秸秆类生物质的高效清洁转化利用提供参考依据。     

光束阻断式小粒蔬菜种子漏充与堵孔同步检测系统研究

针对气力式排种器直播小粒蔬菜种子时易产生漏充与堵孔的问题,设计了一种光束阻断式小粒蔬菜种子漏充与堵孔同步检测系统。该检测系统调用ARM嵌入式系统的中断资源,采用旋转编码器实时测定排种盘转速,实时调整时间窗口与理论脉冲频率;在时间窗口内采集对射型激光传感器的输出脉冲,计算实际脉冲频率;通过对理论脉冲频率和实际脉冲频率实施运算,同步测定漏充率与吸孔堵塞率,并在触摸屏上显示。选用雪白玉萝卜、中双11号油菜和上海青3种蔬菜种子为研究对象,以排种盘转速和吸室真空度为试验因素,以漏充率和吸孔堵塞率为试验指标,在气力式精量排种器上进行该系统与高速摄像同步检测试验验证。试验结果表明,该系统可根据排种盘转速变化自行调整时间窗口,对漏充判断相对偏差不大于1.67%,对吸孔堵塞判断相对偏差不大于0.95%。该方法能够有效实现小粒蔬菜种子漏充与堵孔的实时同步检测,为解析排种器漏播成因与排种器改进设计提供依据。     

动态气体载荷下磁力辅助式压电俘能器设计与实验

为了实现气动系统低功耗传感器的自供能需求,提出了一种新型磁力辅助式压电俘能器,以此提高俘能器俘获动态气体载荷能的效率。将磁铁间的非接触力作为磁力诱导的预应力施加在压电片中心,当动态气体载荷作用在压电片上时,磁力诱导的预应力可以通过改变压电片的位移来调节压电片表面正负电荷的分布,进而提高俘能器的机电转化效率。仿真研究表明,斥力诱导的预应力可增加俘能器的输出电压,而吸引力诱导的预应力则降低了俘能器的输出电压。采用外径22 mm、厚度0.23 mm的压电单晶片及缸径63 mm、行程150 mm的气缸制作实验样机,利用气动组件搭建测试系统。分别调节压力、周期、流量以及磁力等参数进行实验测试。实验结果表明,当俘能器的最佳匹配负载为0.87 MΩ时,最大的瞬时功率为1.39 m W,俘能器的最大瞬时功率提升12.6%,而引入磁力诱导的预应力仅为气体载荷的0.6%,磁力诱导预应力可有效提高俘能器俘获气动系统动态气体载荷能的效率。     

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide and medical air for abdominal insufflation on respiratory parameters in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination

AIMS: To determine if abdominal insufflation with medical air will improve oxygenation and ventilation parameters when compared to insufflation with CO₂ in xylazine-sedated sheep undergoing laparoscopic artificial insemination (AI).

METHODS: Forty-seven sheep underwent oestrus synchronisation and were fasted for 24 hours prior to laparoscopic AI. Each animal was randomised to receive either CO₂ or medical air for abdominal insufflation. An auricular arterial catheter was placed and utilised for serial blood sampling. Respiratory rates (RR) and arterial blood samples were collected at baseline, after xylazine (0.1?mg/kg I/V) sedation, 2 minutes after Trendelenburg positioning, 5 minutes after abdominal insufflation, and 10 minutes after being returned to a standing position. Blood samples were collected in heparinised syringes, stored on ice, and analysed for arterial pH, partial pressure of arterial O₂ (PaO₂), and CO₂ (PaCO₂). The number of ewes conceiving to AI was also determined.

RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated temporal effects on RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂ and arterial pH during the laparoscopic AI procedure (p<0.001), but no difference between insufflation groups (p>0.01). No sheep experienced hypercapnia (PaCO₂>50?mmHg) or acidaemia (pH<7.35). Hypoxaemia (PaO₂<70?mmHg) was diagnosed during the procedure in 14/22 (64%) ewes in the CO₂ group compared with 8/23 (35%) ewes in the medical air group (p=0.053). Overall, 15/20 (75%) ewes in the CO₂ group conceived to AI compared with 16/22 (72.7%) in the medical air group (p=0.867).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There were no statistical or clinical differences in RR, PaO₂, PaCO₂, pH, or conception to AI when comparing the effects of CO₂ and medical air as abdominal insufflation gases. None of the sheep experienced hypercapnia or acidaemic, yet 42% (19/45) of sheep developed clinical hypoxaemia, with a higher percentage of ewes in the CO₂ group developing hypoxaemia than in the medical air group. Based on the overall analysis, medical air could be utilised as a comparable alternative for abdominal insufflation during laparoscopic AI procedures.     

崇礼区典型林分空气负离子浓度及影响因素

[目的]对崇礼区3种主要林分类型的空气负离子浓度变化规律以及影响因素进行研究,为该地生态效益评估以及生态旅游规划提供依据。[方法]本研究通过对崇礼区典型林分类型空气负离子浓度进行连续观测,并以开阔无林地为参照对象,采用柱状图、散点图、回归分析等方法研究河北杨(Populus hopeiensis,PHF)、白桦(Betula platyphylla,BF)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis,PF,)3种纯林以及无林地(NF)空气负离子浓度日变化特征,分析气象因素及植物光合特性对空气负离子的影响,并运用单极系数法以及空气质量系数法对不同林分空气质量进行评价。[结果]表明:(1)空气负离子浓度变化趋势呈双峰型,最低值一般出现在中午,不同林分最高值出现时间不同。不同林分空气负离子浓度具有明显差别,空气负离子浓度从高到底依次为:河北杨(1 101 ion·cm-3)白桦(847 ion·cm-3)油松(755 ion·cm-3)无林地(344 ion·cm-3)。(2)不同林分空气负离子浓度与气温呈负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关;不同林分空气负离子浓度与植物光合特性总体呈正相关。(3)计算空气质量评价参数得出不同林分单极系数从小到大依次为河北杨(0.92)油松(1.01)白桦(1.25)无林地(1.37),各林分空气质量评价指数从大到小依次为河北杨(1.25)白桦(0.85)油松(0.80)无林地(0.27)。[结论]不同林分空气负离子浓度存在差异且阔叶林高于针叶林,空气离子浓度的变化受外界气候因素及自身植物光合特性的影响明显,不同林分空气质量评价指数也存在差异,合理配置林分资源有利于空气质量提升。