Poorly crystalline iron and aluminium oxides contribute to the carbon saturation and sorption of dissolved organic carbon in the soil

Soil carbon (C) saturation implies an upper limit to a soil's capacity to store C depending on the contents of silt + clay and poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides. We hypothesized that the poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides in silt + clay fraction increased the C saturation and thus reduced the capacity of the soil to sorb additional C input. To test the hypothesis, we studied the sorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on silt + clay fractions (<53 µm) of highly weathered oxic soils, collected from three different land uses (i.e., improved pasture, cropping and forest). Soils with high carbon saturation desorbed 38% more C than soils with low C saturation upon addition of DOC, whereas adsorption of DOC was only observed at higher concentration (>15 g kg^?1). While high Al oxide concentration significantly increased both the saturation and desorption of DOC, the high Fe oxide concentration significantly increased the desorption of DOC, supporting the proposition that both oxides have influence on the DOC sorption in soil. Our findings provide a new insight into the chemical control of stabilization and destabilization of DOC in soil.     

油茶皂苷的制备及提纯工艺研究

为研究油茶皂苷的制备及提纯工艺,为中试化生产提供科学的技术支撑,通过正交试验得到最佳工艺为乙醇体积分数75%,料液比1∶2,提取时间120 min,提取温度60℃,得到纯度为55.65%的油茶皂苷粗品,得率16.12%。油茶皂苷粗品配置成质量分数3%水溶液,加入10%体积的1%壳聚糖絮凝剂絮,经凝沉、淀除去杂质,澄清液经AB-8型大孔树脂吸附90 min,用质量分数2%氢氧化钠溶液洗脱杂质,再用体积分数70%乙醇溶液洗脱油茶皂苷,将洗脱液旋转蒸发,除去乙醇并烘干,即得到纯度85.36%的油茶皂苷。     

生物炭对噻虫胺在土壤中吸附和降解的影响

为探究由不同热解温度和原材料制备的生物炭对噻虫胺在黑土中吸附和降解的影响,以玉米秸秆和猪粪为原材料,分别在300、500℃和700℃下限氧热解制备了六种生物炭,并将其添加到黑土中,研究生物炭对土壤理化性质与噻虫胺在土壤中吸附-降解的影响。结果表明:添加生物炭可显著提高土壤的pH、有效态磷和有机碳含量,降低土壤的H/C。噻虫胺在土壤及生物炭-土壤混合体系中的吸附过程符合Freundlich模型。添加生物炭显著提高了土壤对噻虫胺的吸附,且吸附量随生物炭热解温度的升高而增大。不同热解温度的生物炭对噻虫胺在土壤中降解的影响不同。高温生物炭-土壤混合体系的强吸附能力降低了噻虫胺被微生物降解的速率,但噻虫胺在低温生物炭-土壤混合体系中具有相对较高的微生物降解速率。因此,在利用生物炭修复农药污染土壤时应该充分考虑生物炭的类型和性质。     

BS-DTAB复配修饰红壤对苯酚的吸附

为了探究复配修饰后,可变电荷类型的红壤与恒电荷土壤对苯酚的吸附差异,以红壤作为供试土样,在两性表面活性剂BS-12(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰的基础上,以阳离子型表面活性剂DTAB(十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)复配修饰制备两性-阳离子复配修饰红壤,采用批处理法研究在单一苯酚及Cd2+复合条件下供试土样对苯酚的吸附效果,并分析不同修饰比例、温度、离子强度和pH的影响。结果表明,DTAB复配修饰增强了BS-12两性修饰红壤对苯酚的吸附能力,单一苯酚表现出在总修饰比例小于150%CEC时吸附量随着修饰比例的增加而递增;各修饰土对苯酚的吸附具有增温负效应;苯酚吸附量随着pH的升高而降低;随着离子强度的增大,苯酚单一处理时供试土样对苯酚吸附量减少,但苯酚和Cd2+复合处理时,则呈现先降低后升高的趋势。Henry模型能较好地拟合各修饰红壤对苯酚吸附的等温吸附数据,吸附以分配机制为主;供试土样对苯酚的吸附属于自发的物理吸附过程。复配修饰红壤的苯酚吸附量低于恒电荷土壤,其黏土矿物成分决定的低CEC是主要影响因素。     

蒙脱土-稻壳炭复合材料对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附特性研究

采用静态吸附实验,研究蒙脱土-稻壳炭复合材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附动力学和热力学特性,并考察吸附剂用量、共存离子及pH等因素对该复合材料吸附Pb~(2+)的影响。结果表明,复合材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附特性符合准二级动力学模型,等温吸附过程能较好地以Freundlich模型进行拟合,且是以物理吸附为主的自发的吸热反应。复合材料对Pb~(2+)的吸附量随吸附时间的延长先快速增加,后缓慢增加最终达到吸附平衡,且随着复合材料投加量的增加,Pb~(2+)的去除率增大。复合材料对水溶液中Pb~(2+)的吸附性能在pH为5时较好,吸附量达52.79 mg·g~(-1);不同浓度Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)均会对Pb~(2+)的吸附反应产生抑制作用,且Mg~(2+)的抑制作用更强。     

嘧啶硫酮缓蚀剂的合成及其性能评价

以苯甲酸为催化剂,以三乙、硫脲、3-吡啶甲醛为原料制备了4-(3-吡啶基)-6-甲基-5-乙氧羰基嘧啶-2-硫酮(简称嘧啶硫酮),用1 H NMR表征其结构.采用失重法、Tafel极化法评价了嘧啶硫酮在1 mol/L HCl中对X70钢的缓蚀性能.结果表明,嘧啶硫酮在酸性环境中对X70钢的腐蚀具有较好的抑制作用,缓蚀率随温度的升高而降低,缓蚀率最大可达93.2%.在低温303K时,ΔG00,表明吸附过程是自发进行且符合Langmuir吸附等温式;ΔH00,说明嘧啶硫酮在吸附过程中放热,升高温度不利于吸附.并用SEM对X70钢表面型态做了表征.     

不同原料生物炭对铵态氮的吸附性能研究

为探讨不同原料生物炭对铵态氮吸附量及吸附机制,以花生壳、玉米秆、杨木屑和竹屑为原料,在500℃下充N_2保护热解制备生物炭,通过电镜扫面图(SEM)与傅立叶红外光谱图(FTIR)表征NH_4~+-N在生物炭表面的吸附特征,结合批量平衡吸附试验,对比研究不同原料生物炭对NH_4~+-N的吸附性能。结果表明:吸附后生物炭表面附着颗粒或粉末物质,孔隙被填充,表面变得较为平坦。四种生物炭表面分布的-OH、-C=O、-C-O,以及花生壳生物炭与玉米秆生物炭表面的-CH_3、-CH_2、-O-参与了吸附;Langmuir方程可以较好地拟合四种生物炭对NH_4~+-N的等温吸附;吸附均在50 min内达到平衡,伪二级动力学方程均可以较好地描述生物炭对NH_4~+-N的动力学吸附过程;在溶液pH=7.00条件下,初始浓度为800 mg·L~(-1)的体系中,四种生物炭对NH_4~+-N的最大吸附量为9.5~15 mg·g~(-1),吸附能力大小为花生壳生物炭玉米秆生物炭竹屑生物炭杨木屑生物炭。研究表明,生物炭表面含氧官能团对吸附NH_4~+-N起到决定性作用,吸附为单分子层吸附,且由快速反应所控制,四种生物炭中吸附性最好的是花生壳生物炭。     

Phosphorus desorption affected by drying and wetting cycles in Ferralsols and Luvisols of Brazilian Northeast

Semiarid soils are subjected to wetting and drying cycles which influence sorption and desorption of applied phosphorus fertilizer. Phosphorus desorption was determined in soils from toposequences of two soil groups (Ferralsol and Luvisol) from a semiarid area, subjected to wetting and drying cycles. Samples from surface and subsurface horizons of upslope, midslope, and downslope positions were incubated for 4 months with phosphorus doses corresponding to 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the maximum adsorption capacity, under constant moisture (80% water retention capacity) or 12 cycles of wetting and drying. Phosphorus desorption was lower in the Ferralsol than in the Luvisol, and lower in the subsurface than in the surface horizons, probably due to greater clay, Fe, and Al oxides contents, but they were similar among slope positions, of same mineralogy. Desorption tended to be greater in samples submitted to wetting and drying cycles but differences were small. P recovery reached 40–50% in the Luvisol, and 30–40% in the Ferralsol. The relatively low P retention capacity suggests a high residual effect of the P applied. Therefore, in relation to P losses, water retention techniques are less important than those that prevent soil erosion.     

改性秸秆-Fe3O4复合材料对染料废水中亚甲基蓝的去除研究

利用柠檬酸(CA)对秸秆(RS)进行改性制备改性秸秆(CA-RS),并通过化学沉淀法负载Fe_3O_4以制得柠檬酸改性秸秆-Fe_3O_4(CA-RS-Fe)复合材料,利用FTIR和XPS对CA-RS、CA-RS-Fe进行表征,研究在不同固液比、温度、溶液初始pH和浓度条件下,其对溶液中亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附去除效果。结果表明:固液比为1.0 g·L~(-1)、pH在3.0～11.0范围内时,CA-RS对MB去除率达95%以上。拟二级动力学模型能较好地拟合CA-RS和CA-RS-Fe对MB的去除过程。Langmuir模型可以描述MB在CA-RS和CA-RS-Fe表面的吸附。FTIR和XPS分析表明CA-RS表面官能团中的羧基在MB吸附过程中发挥重要作用。CA-RS对MB的吸附机理包括静电作用、氢键和π-π作用。Fe_3O_4的引入减少了CA-RS表面羧基的数量,降低了其对MB的吸附能力,但能实现快速固液分离。研究表明,CA-RS可作为去除染料废水中MB的良好吸附剂,CA-RS负铁之后会降低对MB的吸附量,但有利于提升固液分离效果。     

模拟胃环境下柚皮果胶对亚硝酸根的吸附动力学

以柚子白皮为原料制得果胶,在模拟人体胃环境下进行体外实验,研究柚皮果胶对NO_2~-的吸附效果,并进行动力学分析,同时以市售果胶为对照进行红外光谱分析.结果表明,柚子白皮果胶对NO_2~-的吸附效果与胃环境的pH值、NO_2~-质量浓度、模拟胃蠕动的时间和果胶添加量有关,果胶添加量为0.8g/L,pH值为1.5,NO_2~-质量浓度为30 mg/L,420 min可达吸附平衡,此时柚子白皮果胶对NO_2~-的吸附量为17.65 mg/g,去除率为56.21%.动力学研究表明,颗粒内扩散模型能够较好地拟合柚子白皮果胶对NO_2~-的吸附过程;红外光谱分析表明,O—H以及C=O(羧酸和/或酯)等基团参与了果胶吸附NO_2~-的反应.