青枯菌对桉树及非寄主树木根部吸附和侵入的比较

通过接种青枯菌与非病原的大肠杆菌,对2个桉树无性系和1种非寄主树木的根表吸附菌量及根内含菌量进行测定.结果表明:青枯菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量多于对抗病寄主和非寄主根表的吸附量,对感病寄主根部的侵入量多于对抗病寄主但少于对非寄主根部的侵入量;病原菌较非病原菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量大,但二者对感病寄主根部的侵入量则依据根部伤口的有无而互有高低.青枯菌接种24 h内,感病寄主根表吸附菌量和根内含菌量呈上升趋势,在抗病寄主及非寄主根表的吸附菌量和根内含菌量却呈下降趋势.从统计学上看,青枯菌对寄主根部的吸附和侵入都显示出了一定的选择性,但由于病原细菌能够大量地吸附和侵入抗病寄主和非寄主根部,非病原细菌也能够大量地吸附和侵入桉树根部,因此这种选择性的生物学意义不大,青枯菌对桉树根表没有表现出明显的识别行为.     

粉煤灰基吸附剂吸附亚甲基蓝及再生性能研究

研究粉煤灰基吸附剂及微波辐照再生后吸附剂对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,确定了粉煤灰基吸附剂达到吸附平衡的时间及吸附过程符合的等温吸附模型。试验结果表明,1 h后粉煤灰基吸附剂吸附基本达到平衡,吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大平衡吸附量为35.64 mg/g。对吸附饱和亚甲基蓝粉煤灰基吸附剂进行微波辐照再生研究,最佳的再生条件为微波功率700 W,再生时间2 min,粉煤灰基吸附剂再生效率为98.6%。     

活性炭对柴油机尾气吸附机理及其行为研究

柴油车排放尾气严重污染环境并危害人类健康，其净化技术一直是人们研究的热点问题。基于各种活性炭的尘埃吸附性及气体通透性．研究了不同量活性炭在非催化条件下对尾气的吸附机理及行为。试验结果表明：各种活性炭对柴油机尾气排放物吸附作用较为明显：煤质活性炭对于尾气排放物吸附作用要强于椰壳活性炭碳，且对尾气排放降低程度最大、经济性最好用量在400g左右。     

改性橙皮对水溶液中Fe2+的吸附性能

以橙皮作为吸附剂研究了橙皮对Fe2+的吸附性能.探讨了溶液pH、初始浓度、投加量及温度等因素对Fe2+吸附效果的影响,采用正交试验法得出橙皮对Fe2+的最佳吸附条件,并对吸附过程进行动力学与热力学研究.结果表明,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模式,橙皮对Fe2+的吸附动力学模型符合准二级动力学方程.当pH为5、温度为50℃、投加量为8 g/L、溶液的初始浓度为10 mg/L时,橙皮对Fe2+的吸附效果最佳,废水的pH对吸附效果的影响最大,溶液的初始浓度和吸附温度次之,吸附剂的用量影响最小.     

三唑酮在土壤中的吸附及其机理

用批量平衡法对三唑酮在湘南红壤、内蒙古黑土及北京地区浅色草甸土3种不同土壤的吸附行为进行了研究,测得三唑酮在这3种土壤的吸附均能用Freundlish方程较好地进行描述,吸附性随供试土壤理化性质的差异呈明显变化.三唑酮在土壤固相中的分配主要受土壤有机质、阳离子交换量和pH值的影响,在土壤中的吸附常数Kf与土壤阳离子交换量、pH值呈显著正相关.三唑酮在供试土壤上的吸附是表面吸附-分配作用模式,但以物理吸附为主.     

Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

吸附天然气技术及其应用

阐述了吸附天然气(ANG)的工作原理及其吸附技术、影响吸附剂吸脱附量的因素和解决热效应与气质组分问题的处理措施,并与压缩天然气(CNG)参数进行了比较.研究认为,吸附天然气技术日趋成熟,已经具备了工业化应用的基础条件.提出了加快研究开发ANG技术的建议.     

纤维素基吸附剂的研究进展

纤维素作为自然界中储量最大的天然高分子材料，具有价廉易得、易被微生物降解、不会给环境带来第二次污染等特点，长期以来对其开发利用一直是科技工作者研究的热点。本文主要综述了近年来纤维素基吸附剂的研究进展，并简要介绍了其作为金属离子吸附剂、特殊用途吸附剂等的结构性能特点，展望了其发展前景。     

磷矿粉在不同磷素水平酸性水稻土中的溶解特性研究

    通过淹水培养试验研究除磷素水平外其他基本理化性质几近相同的3个酸性水稻土的磷吸附和解吸特性,以及采自贵州省开阳磷矿(GPR)和江西省吴村磷矿(WPR) 2 种磷矿粉在此水稻土中的溶解特性和有效性变化.结果表明,低磷土壤NK和CK对磷的吸附能力显著大于高磷土壤NPK,而其对磷的平均解吸率显著低于土壤NPK.磷矿粉在水稻土中的溶解量随淹水时间延长而增加.2种磷矿粉在土壤NK和CK中的溶解量显著大于其在土壤NPK中的溶解量.WPR在3个土壤中的溶解量大于GPR.施磷矿粉后3个土壤的有效磷含量都有不同程度的增加,但变化较为复杂;施WPR后3个土壤有效磷增加量的平均值随淹水时间延长而增加;而施GPR土壤有效磷增加量的平均值随淹水时间延长而减小.与GPR相比,施用WPR更能有效增加土壤有效磷含量.     

玉米秸秆对土壤吸持六价铬影响的试验研究

玉米秸秆是一种有机物料,它可以促进六价铬的吸持。研究通过批平衡试验,描述了不同玉米秸秆投入量对土壤吸持六价铬的影响及其动力学过程,通过10个动力学模型进行了拟合,效果较好。另外,还描述了反应的吸附等温线和平衡模型,结果可以用Herry模型、langmuir模型、Freundlich模型和Tekmin模型进行较好模拟。结果表明,秸秆有效地促进了六价铬在土壤中的吸持,可以作为六价铬的吸附剂。该结果具有良好的环境效应和经济效应。通过土柱试验,分别研究了秸秆覆盖和混合对土壤吸持六价铬的影响,有较好的实践意义。