农业国家技术发明奖一等奖概况及案例分析

文章简述了国家技术发明奖概念，结合农业科技实际，分析了农业国家技术发明一等奖的概况及其特点，并对农业国家技术发明一等奖典型案例进行分析，为组织国家重大科技项目、获得国际先进水平科技成果提供新的启示。     

村域尺度耕地利用效益时空格局演化分析

[目的]通过分析甘肃省广河县村域耕地利用效益的时空格局演化特征,为合理利用耕地资源,提高效益水平提供更切合农民生产生活需要的依据。[方法]应用改进熵值法、GIS技术、ESDA空间分析技术。[结果]广河县10a来村域耕地利用经济效益整体呈上升趋势,社会、生态及综合效益均呈先上升后下降的趋势。耕地利用经济效益的高效区围绕在川区村域,社会效益高效区多分布在红庄村等山区村域或川区边缘村域。各村耕地利用效益具有显著的空间正自相关性,总体上村际间的相互作用呈下降趋势,局部上高—高效益区在减少且以头家村等川区村域为中心的高—高类型区逐步向广河县西南方的村域转移。[结论]村域尺度效益评价更能具体反映农民对耕地的利用情况,并根据效益的高低集聚特征做出科学有效的调整措施。广河县应加快构建新型农业经营体系,形成村域间社会事业发展合力。     

农村土地承包经营权要素编码的关键问题及解决途径

为准确使用NY/T 2538-2014、规范农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作,针对目前农村土地承包经营权要素编码中存在的县级段代码和乡级段代码编制、发包方编码、承包方编码、特殊区域编码等关键问题,采用文案调查法和实地调查法进行深入剖析,并给出了问题的解决途径。结果表明:1)县级段代码和乡级段代码应以目前正在开展的农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作作为时间节点来进行编码,并采用民政部公布的行政区划代码;2)发包方应按照农村土地所有关系进行编码,并且发包方编码在承包期内保持稳定;3)承包方应视为权利人来进行编码,其编码取决于是否与发包方签订承包合同;4)农村土地承包经营权要素编码与特殊区域内农村土地承包管理方式无关,应按照农村土地承包经营权要素的内在关系进行编码。通过剖析上述关键问题,研究可进一步深化对农村土地承包经营权要素编码的认识,促进NY/T 2538-2014在农村土地承包经营权确权登记颁证工作中的规范应用。     

农业行政处罚简易程序与一般程序的区别及适用分析

从特点、方法、步骤等方面阐述农业行政处罚简易程序与一般程序的区别,并对其适用情况进行分析,以期促进农业行政处罚的合理、有效开展。     

对一起销售含违禁药品生猪产品案的查处

目前,我国生猪产品生产与销售等环节的长效监管机制仍处于探索阶段。本案阐述了一起由江西省赣州市畜牧兽医局查处的销售含有违禁药品生猪产品的违法行为,论述了该案的标的检测、调查取证、依法听证、行政处罚等执法过程,并对相关问题进行了思考与探讨。     

我对这起行政诉讼案件有话要说

《中华人民共和国行政强制法》已于2012年1月1日起施行,对规范行政强制措施有了明确的规定,行政执法人员在实施行政强制措施时必须严格遵循的法定的程序。本文介绍了某行政处罚案件中因执法人员实施行政强制扣押过程中因程序违法,被当事人提起行政诉讼,一审法院不支持其诉求,其已上诉至上级法院,目前尚无有最新情况;阐述了对该行政处罚案中违法实施行政强制措施和对该行政诉讼案的一些分析和看法,并对当前依法行政提出建议。     

解读涉牧违法行为涉嫌犯罪的主要罪名

畜牧兽医部门执法人员在行政执法过程中对涉牧违法行为是否涉嫌犯罪和涉嫌何种犯罪的把握,是能否依法、及时向刑事司法机关移送案件、加大对涉牧违法犯罪的打击力度的关键因素。本文依据《中华人民共和国刑法》、相关司法解释和相关法律法规,对畜牧兽医部门在行政执法过程中可能遇到的涉嫌犯罪案件3大类12个主要罪名进行了归纳和解读,可为畜牧兽医行政执法更好地与刑事司法衔接提供参考。     

Tick-borne encephalitis epidemic in Hungary 1951–2021: The story and lessons learned

The authors analysed epidemiological data of the Hungarian tick-borne encephalitis epidemic from the past seven decades. A total of 911 meningitis serosa cases were described from 1930-1950 s by local hospital physicians, indicating that the virus had been present in the country decades before its official identification in 1952. The virus spread freely in the 1950s–1960s, occupying almost all habitats where ticks occurred in large numbers. The increasing number of cases drove authorities to classify this illness as a notifiable disease in 1977 and to organize the first measures to stop the epidemic. Statistical analysis revealed that the large-scale vaccination launched from the 1990s was responsible for the sharp decrease in the number of human cases from 1997. A significant negative correlation was found between the number of vaccine doses sold and human cases 6 years later. The TBEV endemic area covers 16.57% of the territory and 16.65% of the population of the country. In the last 10 years, 186,000 vaccine doses/year in average were enough to keep the incidence of human TBEV infections between 0.45 and 0.06/100,000 persons. A 20-year-long study found evidence for easing clinical signs in TBEV-infected hospitalized patients. Statistics found a sharp decrease in the number of samples sent for TBEV diagnosis after 1989. Male dominance of patients was characteristic of the epidemics since the 1940s, but now analysis of detailed data from the 1981–2021 period (60.5%–87.5%) proved the statistical significance of this dominance. Obviously, the voluntary vaccination programme was the tool which broke the spread of the epidemic. Widespread public awareness of the disease and the tick vector, probable evolutionary spread of less pathogenic virus strains supplemented with the vaccination campaign led to a negligible level of human TBE cases in Hungary in the last years.     

国医大师熊继柏诊治疑难病验案撷萃

国医大师熊继柏行医60余载，一贯坚持运用经典理论指导诊断、辨证、处方、用药，对疑难病的诊疗如理乱丝、如解死结，疗效显著。例举熊教授运用加味二妙散合失笑散治双腿痿弱案，补阳还五汤合宣痹汤治脉痹案，理中汤合五苓散治久泻不愈案，甘露消毒丹治一身散发秽浊之气案，介绍其诊治疑难病辨证选方的独到经验。     

Paediatric HUS Cases Related to the Consumption of Raw Milk Sold by Vending Machines in Italy: Quantitative Risk Assessment Based on Escherichia coli O157 Official Controls over 7 years

A quantitative risk assessment (RA) was developed to estimate haemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS) cases in paediatric population associated with the consumption of raw milk sold in vending machines in Italy. The historical national evolution of raw milk consumption phenomenon since 2008, when consumer interest started to grow, and after 7 years of marketing adjustment, is outlined. Exposure assessment was based on the official Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (STEC) microbiological records of raw milk samples from vending machines monitored by the regional Veterinary Authorities from 2008 to 2014, microbial growth during storage, consumption frequency of raw milk, serving size, consumption preference and age of consumers. The differential risk considered milk handled under regulation conditions (4°C throughout all phases) and the worst time–temperature field handling conditions detected. In case of boiling milk before consumption, we assumed that the risk of HUS is fixed at zero. The model estimates clearly show that the public health significance of HUS cases due to raw milk STEC contamination depends on the current variability surrounding the risk profile of the food and the consumer behaviour has more impact than milk storage scenario. The estimated HUS cases predicted by our model are roughly in line with the effective STEC O157‐associated HUS cases notified in Italy only when the proportion of consumers not boiling milk before consumption is assumed to be 1%. Raw milk consumption remains a source of E. coli O157:H7 for humans, but its overall relevance is likely to have subsided and significant caution should be exerted for temporal, geographical and consumers behaviour analysis. Health education programmes and regulatory actions are required to educate people, primarily children, on other STEC sources.