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1.
This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of water temperature (WT) and dietary protein levels on growth, body composition and blood biochemistry of GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; initial average body weight: 38.75 ± 0.61g, n = 20). The fish were fed with six diets contained graded levels of protein (209.6, 251.0, 302.4, 354.3, 401.9 and 456.8 g/kg) and raised in each of WT (22°C, 28°C and 34°C) for 8 weeks. Results showed that the growth, feed utilization and protein efficiency were significantly increased with the increase of dietary protein level and followed by the latter platform at each WT. The fish raised at 28 and 34°C showed similar growth performance, and their values were significantly higher than the fish raised at 22°C (p < 0.05). The lipid contents in whole body were decreases with the increase of dietary protein level at each WT. However, the whole‐body protein, ash and moisture contents were not affected by dietary protein level or WT (p > 0.05). The values of serum biochemical indices (ALP, ALT, AST and TCHO) were all decreased with the increase of dietary protein. The optimal dietary protein requirement for GIFT tilapia to achieve maximal growth performance is 374.4, 301.7 and 304.9 g protein/kg diet at 22, 28 and 34°C, respectively.  相似文献   
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Although pork producers typically aim to optimize growth rates, occasionally it is necessary to slow growth, such as when harvest facility capacity is limited. In finishing pigs, numerous dietary strategies can be used to slow growth so pigs are at optimal slaughter body weights when harvest facility capacity and/or access is restored. However, the impact of these diets on pork carcass quality is largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary strategies to slow growth in late finishing pigs and evaluate their effects on carcass composition and pork quality. Mixed-sex pigs (n = 897; 125 ± 2 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 48 pens and assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment): (1) Control diet representative of a typical finisher diet (CON); (2) diet containing 3% calcium chloride (CaCl2); (3) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal (Corn); (4) diet deficient in isoleucine (LowIle); (5) diet containing 15% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from soybean hulls (15% NDF); and (6) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF). Over 42 d, pen body weights and feed disappearance were collected. Pigs were harvested in 3 groups (14, 28, and 42 d on feed) and carcass data collected. From the harvest group, 1 loin was collected from 120 randomly selected carcasses (20 loins/treatment) to evaluate pork quality traits. Overall, ADG was reduced in CaCl2, Corn, and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). However, ADFI was only reduced in CaCl2 and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Feed efficiency was reduced in CaCl2 and Corn pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Hot carcass weights were reduced in CaCl2 pigs at all harvest dates (P < 0.001) and were reduced in Corn and 20% NDF pigs at days 28 and 42 compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). In general, CaCl2 and 20% NDF diets resulted in leaner carcasses, whereas the Corn diet increased backfat by 42 d on test (P < 0.05). Loin pH was reduced and star probe increased in CaCl2 pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.05); no treatments differed from CON pigs regarding drip loss, cook loss, color, firmness, or marbling (P ≥ 0.117). Overall, these data indicate that several dietary strategies can slow finishing pig growth without evidence of behavioral vices. However, changes to carcass composition and quality were also observed, indicating quality should be taken into consideration when choosing diets to slow growth.  相似文献   
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为探明杂交鲌“先锋1号”与其母本翘嘴鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)(♀)和父本黑尾近红鲌(Ancherythroculter nigrocauda)(♂)的营养品质差异,对三种鲌肌肉营养品质进行了测定和评价。结果显示:杂交鲌水分含量显著高于父本,粗脂肪含量显著低于父本,灰分含量显著低于母本。杂交鲌肌肉的胱氨酸(Cys)含量显著高于母本,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)高于父本。杂交鲌肌肉中十五碳烷酸(C15∶0)、α-亚麻酸(C18∶3)的相对含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和黑尾近红鲌。杂交鲌肌肉硬度显著高于母本,肌肉弹性显著低于父本;铁含量与父本无显著差异,但显著高于母本。结果表明,杂交鲌“先锋1号”肌肉营养成分兼具双亲的优良性状,表现出一定的杂交优势,是一种优质的营养资源。  相似文献   
5.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RM) and cottonseed meal (CSM) on growth, feed utilization and body composition of juvenile hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂ (initial body weight, 8.63 ± 0.24 g). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated as follows: a control diet (FM60) containing 600 g/kg FM and four other diets (FM45, FM30, FM15 and FM0 containing 450, 300, 150 and 0 g/kg FM, respectively) where protein from FM was substituted by a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM. Fish fed FM0 and FM15 had poorer growth performance, feed utilization, apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, protein, lipid and gross energy, and fed FM0 had poorer hepatosomatic index and survival compared with the fish fed FM60. The whole body lipid in fish fed FM0 was significantly higher than that in fish fed FM60 and FM15. This study indicates that 300 g/kg of FM can be replaced with a mixture of SBM, RM and CSM in the diet of juvenile hybrid sturgeon without compromising growth performance, feed utilization and body composition.  相似文献   
6.
城市半自然森林具有独特的群落结构和生物多样性特征,研究城市化影响的半自然森林更新特征,可以为城市生物多样性保育与地带性植被恢复重建提供借鉴。文章以上海辰山残存半自然森林1 hm^2固定监测样地为对象,调查分析半自然森林更新苗的物种组成特征。结果表明:1 hm^2样地更新苗共5 937株,分属22科32属37种,其中上海自然分布的乡土种占57.89%,明显高于城市人工林的乡土树种比例;香樟、构树、天竺桂、朴树和小蜡等5种更新苗占总数的57.2%,聚集性分布格局明显;在11个植被群落类型中,各类型更新苗的丰富度普遍较高,不同树种的更新苗存活和发育潜力存在差异。  相似文献   
7.
以白梭梭荒漠和盐生假木贼荒漠为对象,采用野外调查取样法,通过对两类不同类型荒漠草地土壤营养成分的测定分析,探讨不同类型荒漠草地土壤营养成分对短期封育的响应规律,为荒漠草地的管理和保护提供科学依据。结果表明:1)盐生假木贼荒漠草地的土壤营养成分含量显著高于白梭梭荒漠草地;2)短期封育对盐生假木贼荒漠草地土壤系统的碳密度、全氮、全磷和全钾含量的影响较小(P>0.05);3)短期封育下,白梭梭荒漠草地土壤碳密度增加了43.46%(P>0.05),但全磷和全钾分别降低了33.53%(P<0.05)和60.30%(P<0.05)。综上所述,短期封育对盐生假木贼荒漠影响较小,而对白梭梭荒漠草地土壤碳密度的积累有利;同时,导致白梭梭荒漠草地土壤全磷和全钾含量有下降趋势,表明封育效果与荒漠植被类型和土壤类型之间存在密切的关系。  相似文献   
8.
人类活动对大亚湾海域鱼类群落多样性及其演替的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
根据2015—2016年间对大亚湾海域进行的4个航次底拖网调查数据,分析了大亚湾鱼类群落的种类组成和多样性特征。结果表明,调查共采集到鱼类131种,隶属14目、53科、84属。其中以鲈形目(Perciformes)占绝对优势(54.20%),其次是鳗鲡目(Agunilliformes)和鲽形目(Pleuronectiformes),均占9.92%。种类数具明显季节变化,以夏季最高,69种;春季最低,32种。鱼类群落优势种组成主要以二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinalis)、李氏(Callionymus richardsoni)、斑(Clupanodon punctatus)、竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、黄鳍马面鲀(Thamnaconus hypargyreus)、短吻鲾(Leiognathus brevirostris)和细条天竺鲷(Apogon lineatus)等小型鱼类为主。多样性分析显示,鱼类物种多样性存在明显的季节差异和空间差异。季节变化上,多样性指数(H')季节变化范围为1.516~1.998,以冬季最高,秋季最低;均匀度指数(J')季节变化范围为0.494~0.869,以冬季最高,夏季最低;丰富度指数(D')季节变化范围为2.230~3.777,以夏季最高,秋季最低。典范对应分析表明,温度、盐度和水深是影响大亚湾海域鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子。空间分布上,海湾中部海域鱼类多样性水平高于沿岸海域。与历史资料相比,由于人类活动对大亚湾生态系统的干扰,鱼类群落结构发生了较大变化,优势种组成更替明显,多样性水平降低,鱼类群落结构趋向简单化。  相似文献   
9.
旨在研究陕西菜田烟粉虱和白粉虱的数量结构,为粉虱风险评估和防治策略制定提供理论依据。利用定点调查与普查相结合的方法,对陕西关中、陕南和陕北不同生态区、不同季节、不同蔬菜作物以及不同菜田烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的种群分布和组成进行研究,并结合mtDNA-CO1标记基因实现对陕西菜田烟粉虱的生物型鉴定。结果表明,烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的分布和种群组成因地区、季节、作物种植模式不同而异。其中烟粉虱均呈现优势分布,并占到种群数量的67.2%~100%。采用标记基因技术、序列同源性分析和系统发育研究,明确了陕西菜田烟粉虱生物型为Q型烟粉虱。  相似文献   
10.
The massive development of the pet food industry in recent years has lead to the formulation of hundreds of canine and feline complete extruded foods with the objective of meeting both the needs of the animals and numerous demands from pet owners. In the meantime, highly variable raw material compositions and the industry's new production techniques oblige manufacturers to monitor all phases of the extrusion process closely in order to ensure the targeted composition and quality of the products. This study aimed at evaluating the potential of infrared technology (visible and near‐infrared spectrophotometer; 570–1842 nm) in predicting the chemical composition and peroxide value (PV) of unground commercial extruded dog foods. Six hundred and forty‐nine commercial extruded dog foods were collected. For each product, an unground aliquot was analysed by infrared instrument while a second aliquot was sent to a laboratory for proximate analysis and PV quantification. The wide range of extruded dog food typologies included in the study was responsible for the wide variability observed within each nutritional trait, especially crude fibre and ash. The mean value of the 208 pet foods sampled for PV quantification was 17.49 mEq O2/kg fat (min 2.2 and max 94.10 mEq O2/kg fat). The coefficients of determination in cross‐validation of NIRS prediction models were 0.77, 0.97, 0.83, 0.86, 0.78 and 0.94 for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) respectively. PV prediction was less precise, as demonstrated by the coefficient of determination in cross‐validation (0.66). The results demonstrated the potential of NIRS in predicting chemical composition in unground samples, with lower accuracy for moisture and ash, while PV prediction models suggest use for screening purposes only.  相似文献   
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