玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因鉴定及表达分析

转录因子是植物响应逆境胁迫的重要调节因子,在其整个生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。HD-ZIP家族蛋白是植物中特有的一大类转录因子,包含4个亚家族(HD-ZIP I^IV),其中HD-ZIP I亚家族成员主要参与干旱、渗透压等极端环境和ABA及乙烯等激素处理的响应过程。本文采用隐马可夫模型(HMM)在玉米参考基因组中鉴定到17个HD-ZIP I亚家族成员,这些基因不均匀分布于玉米6条染色体上,与水稻的亲缘关系要近于拟南芥。玉米HDZIP I亚家族基因在玉米7种组织中表现出多种表达模式,具有明显的组织表达特异性。另外, HD-ZIP I亚家族基因对高盐、淹水及冷害等不同的逆境胁迫处理呈现出不同的响应模式及响应程度差异。5种不同激素处理后,玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因也表现出复杂的响应模式。这些结果为进一步解析玉米HD-ZIP I亚家族基因的生物学功能和作用机理提供了一定的参考价值。     

转录因子在植物生长发育及非生物逆境响应的作用

在植物的一生中,不同的基因被设定在不同的时期及部位精确地表达,或是在不同的环境条件下如高温、干旱等诱导表达,基因表达受转录因子的精确调控。植物碱性亮氨酸拉链(basic leucine zipper,bZIP)蛋白是一类重要的转录因子,其参与了植物从生长发育到胁迫响应的各种过程。植物生长转变及对胁迫做出响应会迅速地诱发自身大量基因的转录变化,这一过程称为转录重编程。bZIP转录因子就是引导这些转录重编程的转录因子中重要的一类。本文介绍了bZIP转录因子的结构、分类以及重要功能,综述了其在植物生长发育及非生物胁迫响应等过程中所起的关键作用,并就如何拓展完善bZIP转录因子功能研究作了展望。     

一氧化碳(CO)在植物体内的生理生化作用研究进展

为了促进一氧化碳(CO)在植物生理生化方面的研究,本文归纳了CO在植物体中的生物合成途径,CO作为信号分子对植物各种生理功能的调控,以及CO与其他信号分子之间的相互作用。经过分析得出,CO在植物生物胁迫过程中的作用及其作用机制方面的研究还很少,因此,CO在这方面的研究将会成为今后的研究重点。     

茶树蛋白激酶基因CsCIPK的克隆与表达特性分析

以茶树品种‘龙井43’作为材料,利用RT-PCR方法,从茶树的cDNA中克隆得到1个编码蛋白激酶的基因,命名为CsCIPK。序列分析表明,CsCIPK开放阅读框长度为1 341 bp,编码446个氨基酸,蛋白质分子量为414234。蛋白功能域预测和多重对比显示,CsCIPK蛋白含有1个保守的N端激酶结构域和1个相对不保守的C端调节结构域,即丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶结构域和NAF结构域。理化性质、亲/疏水性、无序化分析显示,CsCIPK属于疏水性蛋白,理论等电点为7.04,有4段无序化区域,其二级结构分析显示主要由α螺旋、不规则卷曲组成。通过实时荧光定量PCR对‘龙井43’和‘安吉白茶’中的CsCIPK表达特性进行分析。结果显示‘龙井43’中CsCIPK的相对表达量在高温、干旱及盐处理4 h、低温处理24 h时达到最高。‘安吉白茶’中CsCIPK的相对表达量在高温及盐处理4 h、低温及干旱处理1h时达到最高。CsCIPK在‘龙井43’的根中,‘安吉白茶’茎中表达量最高。不同浓度的GA和IBA处理‘龙井43’茶苗,结果显示0.2 mmol·L-1 GA处理后,CsCIPK表达量先升高后下降,6 d时处理组为对照组的62倍;0.6 mmol·L-1 IBA处理后,CsCIPK的表达量在3 d时显著高于对照组;不同浓度GA和IBA处理后,9 d时CsCIPK表达量均显著低于对照。     

SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE FAMILY GENES IN WATERMELON AND THEIR RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT ABIOTIC STRESSES

• A total of 8 SOD genes from watermelon were identified and bioinformatically analyzed. • The SOD proteins from watermelon and other different plant species can be classified into five groups consistent with their metal cofactors. • ClSOD genes exhibited distinctive tissue-specific and abiotic stress responsive expression patterns. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme in the antioxidant system of plants and plays a vital role in stress responses by maintaining the dynamic balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations. Genome-wide analysis of the SOD gene family in various plant species has been conducted but little is known about this gene family in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Here, eight SOD genes were identified in the watermelon genome and are designated ClCSD1-5, ClFSD1-2 and ClMSD according to their metal cofactors. Phylogenetic analysis shows that SOD proteins from various plant species can be classified into five groups and members in the same group possess the same metal cofactor and similar subcellular localizations. Expression analysis of the ClSOD genes indicates that they had tissue-specific expression patterns with high expression in different tissues including the leaves, flowers and fruit. In addition, the expression of ClSOD genes differed appreciably under salinity, drought and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, indicating that they may be involved in ROS scavenging under different abiotic stresses via an ABA-dependent signaling pathway. These results lay the foundation for elucidating the function of ClSOD genes in stress tolerance and fruit development in watermelon.     

辣椒几丁质酶类基因家族的全基因组鉴定和表达特征分析

几丁质酶（chitinase, EC 3.2.1.14）是一种降解几丁质的糖苷酶,在植物应对非生物和生物胁迫中起重要作用。本研究对辣椒几丁质酶类（Capsicum annuum chitinase-like, CaCTL）基因家族成员进行了全基因组注释、进化分析和基因表达模式分析。从最新的辣椒基因组数据库中鉴定出31个CaCTL成员。根据系统发育进化树将这些成员分为GH18和GH19亚家族,并进一步分为5个亚类（Ⅰ~Ⅴ类）。保守基序分析结果表明,每个亚类中的成员存在功能相关性。对辣椒、矮牵牛以及番茄的CTL基因家族成员同源性分析表明,在矮牵牛和番茄中分别有7个和11个辣椒CaCTL的同源基因。通过qRT-PCR分析发现,在正常环境生长的辣椒植株中,64.2%的GH18亚家族的CaCTL成员表达水平很低,有64.7%的GH19亚家族成员在不同组织中存在差异表达。顺式作用元件分析表明,CaCTL成员启动子区域存在许多激素反应以及生物和非生物应激相关元件。当植物遭受不同的非生物胁迫时,qRT-PCR结果显示,多数CaCTL成员表达上调。当植物遭受高温干旱条件时,多个CaCTL成员的表达上调明显。上述结果丰富了CTL基因家族进化的研究,为探索CaCTL成员的功能提供了数据基础。     

Thresholds,sensitive stages and genetic variability of finger millet to high temperature stress

Finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] is an important coarse cereal crop grown in the arid and semi‐arid regions and often experiences high temperature (HT) stress. The objectives of this research were (i) to quantify effects of season‐long HT stress on physiological and yield traits, (ii) to identify the developmental stages most sensitive to HT stress and (iii) to quantify the genetic variability for HT stress tolerance in finger millet. Research was conducted in controlled environment conditions. HT stress decreased the chlorophyll index, photosystem II activity, grain yield and harvest index. Maximum decrease in number of seeds per panicle and grain yield per plant was observed when stress was imposed during booting, panicle emergence or flowering stages. Maximum genotypic variation was explained by panicle width and number of seeds per panicle at optimum temperature (OT) and grain yield per plant at HT and number of seeds at HT. Based on the stress response and grain yield, tolerant or susceptible genotypes were identified. Finger millet is sensitive to HT stress during reproductive stages, and there was genotypic variability among the finger millet genotypes for number of seeds per panicle and grain yield under HT, which can be exploited to enhance stress tolerance.     

Perspectives of Using L-Tryptophan for Improving Productivity of Agricultural Crops: A Review

Plant growth regulators are biologically active signaling molecules that regulate a number of plant physiological processes. Auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) is an important plant growth regulator and is synthesized within plant tissues through L-tryptophan (L-TRP)-dependent and -independent pathways. It has been found that plants respond to exogenously applied L-TRP due to insufficient endogenous auxin biosynthesis. The exogenous application of L-TRP is highly significant for normal plant growth and development. L-tryptophan is applied through foliar spray, seed priming, and soil application. Soil-applied L-TRP is either directly taken up by plants or metabolized to auxin by soil microbiota and then absorbed by plant roots. Similarly, foliar spray and seed priming with L-TRP stimulates auxin synthesis within plants and improves the growth and productivity of agricultural crops. Furthermore, L-TRP contains approximately 14% nitrogen (N) in its composition, which is released upon its metabolism within a plant or in the rhizosphere and plays a role in enhancing crop productivity. This review deals with assessing crop responses under the exogenous application of L-TRP in normal and stressed environments, mode of action of L-TRP, advantages of using L-TRP over other auxin precursors, and role of the simultaneous use of L-TRP and auxin-producing microbes in improving the productivity of agricultural crops. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting the importance of the use of L-TRP in agriculture.     

硫化氢在植物中抵御非生物胁迫机制的研究进展

植物在生长发育过程中不可避免地受到各种生物或非生物胁迫。硫化氢(H2S)作为一种细胞信号分子，在植物体抵御冷热、重金属、盐、干旱等各种非生物逆境胁迫及与其他信号物质的互作等方面发挥重要作用。综述了H2S在植物体中通过基因调控、改变酶活性和蛋白质的表达、硫巯基化修饰、减轻氧化应激、与信号物质的互作等抵御非生物胁迫的作用机制，并展望了H2S在植物体中抵御非生物胁迫的作用机制。