Determination of critical nitrogen dilution curve based on leaf area index for winter wheat in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

Excessive use of nitrogen(N) fertilizers in agricultural systems increases the cost of production and risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, determination of optimum N requirements for plant growth is necessary. Previous studies mostly established critical N dilution curves based on aboveground dry matter(DM) or leaf dry matter(LDM) and stem dry matter(SDM), to diagnose the N nutrition status of the whole plant. As these methods are time consuming, we investigated the more rapidly determined leaf area index(LAI) method to establish the critical nitrogen(N_c) dilution curve, and the curve was used to diagnose plant N status for winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. Field experiments were conducted using four N fertilization levels(0, 105, 210 and 315 kg ha-1) applied to six wheat cultivars in the 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 growing seasons. LAI, DM, plant N concentration(PNC) and grain yield were determined. Data points from four cultivars were used for establishing the N_c curve and data points from the remaining two cultivars were used for validating the curve. The N_c dilution curve was validated for N-limiting and non-N-limiting growth conditions and there was good agreement between estimated and observed values. The N nutrition index(NNI) ranged from 0.41 to 1.25 and the accumulated plant N deficit(N_(and)) ranged from 60.38 to –17.92 kg ha~(-1) during the growing season. The relative grain yield was significantly affected by NNI and was adequately described with a parabolic function. The N_c curve based on LAI can be adopted as an alternative and more rapid approach to diagnose plant N status to support N fertilization decisions during the vegetative growth of winter wheat in Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China.     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

论张之洞的监狱改良思想

清末新政时期,张之洞在奏折中详细提出其改良监狱的思想,即改善监舍条件,修建文明监狱;教囚犯以工艺;选派专门官吏稽察监狱。其监狱改良思想的提出受到国际监狱改良思想的影响,体现了“中体西用”原则,同时也体现了近代中西法律思想文化交融碰撞的时代特征。这些主张大多为修律大臣沈家本所采纳,对近代监狱改良产生重要影响。     

Closing the nitrogen use efficiency gap and reducing the environmental impact of wheat-maize cropping on smallholder farms in the Guanzhong Plain,Northwest China

A high crop yield with the minimum possible cost to the environment is generally desirable. However, the complicated relationships among crop production, nitrogen (N) use efficiency and environmental impacts must be clearly assessed. We conducted a series of on-farm N application rate experiments to establish the linkage between crop yield and N₂O emissions in the Guanzhong Plain in Northwest China. We also examined crop yield, partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN) and reactive N (Nr) losses through a survey of 1 529 and 1 497 smallholder farms that grow wheat and maize, respectively, in the region. The optimum N rates were 175 and 214 kg ha^–1 for winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, thereby achieving the yields of 6 799 and 7 518 kg ha^–1, correspondingly, with low N₂O emissions based on on-farm N rate experiments. Among the smallholder farms, the average N application rates were 215 and 294 kg ha^–1 season^–1, thus producing 6 490 and 6 220 kg ha^–1 of wheat and maize, respectively. The corresponding PFPN values for the two crops were 36.8 and 21.2 kg N kg^–1, and the total N₂O emissions were 1.50 and 3.88 kg ha^–1, respectively. High N balance, large Nr losses and elevated N₂O emissions could be explained by the overdoses of N application and low grain yields under the current farming practice. The crop yields, N application rates, PFPN and total N₂O for wheat and maize were 18 and 24% higher, 42 and 37% less, 75 and 116% higher, and 42 and 47% less, correspondingly, in the high-yield and high-PFPN group than in the average smallholder farms. In conclusion, closing the PFPN gap between the current average and the value for the high-yield and high-PFPN group would increase crop production and reduce Nr losses or the total N₂O emissions for the investigated cropping system in Northwest China.     

Alanine-substituted mutant on Gly~(373) and Asn~(375) of Cry1Ai-h-loop 2 causes reduction in both toxicity and binding against Helicoverpa armigera

Cry1Ai-h-loop 2 is a mutant of Cry1Ai constructed by exchanging loop 2 from Cry1Ah protein and shows insecticidal activity against Helicoverpa armigera. The toxicity of Cry1 Ai-h-loop 2, in contrast to the very low toxicity of Cry1Ai, is closely associated with the eleven residues in the loop 2 region. To characterize the key sites of loop 2 in Cry1Ai-h-loop 2, alaninesubstituted mutants were generated. The toxicity of these mutants against H. armigera indicated that dual-mutant on Gly373 and Asn375 caused a significant decrease in toxic activity. ELISA binding and competition binding assays demonstrated that the reduction of toxicity in the mutant of interest was correlated with decreased binding affinity.     

国医大师张学文辨治肺癌经验

国医大师张学文认为肺癌是因毒邪侵淫、情志内伤等导致脏腑失调,正气虚弱,气滞血瘀,痰浊内生,毒痰瘀互结,壅结于肺,日久恶变成癌积,临床从气阴亏虚型、热毒内蕴型、痰浊内阻型、毒瘀互结型、阴阳两虚型辨治。治当扶正祛邪,以益气养阴、活血散结、化痰解毒为原则,并应将扶正祛邪贯穿肺癌治疗的全过程。     

国医大师张学文辨治脑萎缩经验

国医大师张学文认为脑萎缩的中医病机主要是肾虚血瘀、气虚血瘀、颅脑水瘀导致脑髓失于精血濡养,脑髓不健。髓海不足和脑髓不健是本,脑络痹阻、清阳不升、浊气不降是标,本病往往虚实夹杂,纯虚者少,虚中夹实者多。宜滋肾荣脑,治当补气和血、祛瘀利水、解郁化痰、益肾活血。     

百合新品种“志远”的选育及栽培技术要点

"志远"是以东方百合杂交系品种索邦为母本、西伯利亚为父本杂交选育的百合新品种。株高约105 cm,茎绿色,茎粗0.7 cm;单株叶片数39枚,叶片长约13 cm,宽约7 cm;花朵向上开放,花径约24 cm,花粉色,花瓣上有红色斑点和乳突,花瓣边缘波浪状,具香味;蒴果长椭圆形;鳞茎粉白色;瓶插期18 d。生育期102 d。植株生长健壮,抗逆性强,耐弱光,观赏性好,适于保护地栽培,应用前景广阔。2011年通过辽宁省非主要农作物品种备案办公室备案。     

走近张公——写在张志澄先生百年诞辰之际

张志澄先生（1910-1997）,茶学专家,三十五年如一日地在江苏从事茶叶科研、生产和经营。他从全国各地大量地引进良种和设计并推广具有江苏特色的生态茶园,他对江苏省茶叶的发展做出了极大的贡献。今年是张志澄先生百年诞辰,特写此文纪念他。