Changes in the properties of rice varieties with different amylose content on dry heat parboiling

Dry heat parboiling is a unique paddy processing technique that has been scarcely exploited. Dry heat parboiling at high temperature for short time and low temperature for long time on physical and physicochemical properties of three rice varieties differing in amylose content were studied. Hardness of the kernels increased from 66.4 N, 68.8 N and 59.8 N in raw samples to 89.1 N, 86.9 N and 59.8 N in parboiled high amylose, low amylose and waxy rice samples respectively. Rapid migration and evaporation of water from severely heated kernels caused cavity formation at the centre. Irreversible damage of amylopectin structures to leachable fractions caused continuous rise of the pasting curve. Crystallinity was thereby reduced. Parboiled high amylose samples gave X-ray diffraction patterns with peaks characteristic of A, B and V-type starch crystallinity. Crystalline starch-lipid complexes were observed in low amylose and waxy rices. The significant increase in the amount of rapidly digestible starch from 56.7%, 61.7% and 66.6% in raw samples to 92.1%, 90.8% and 94.8% respectively in severely processed rice samples and subsequent reduction in resistant starch from 24.5%, 21.2% and 18.4% to 0.4%, 1.9% and 0.1% indicated possibilities for targeted food use of the dry heat parboiled samples.     

贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤序列矿物组成变化

阐明土壤中矿物随时间变化的机制是理解矿物风化和土壤发育的基础。利用X射线衍射法对贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区土壤矿物组成随成土作用时间变化进行了定量分析。结果表明,冰川退缩区成土母质的矿物组成同质性较高,以硅酸盐矿物为主(约90%),包括:斜长石(28.5%)、石英(24.5%)、黑云母、钾长石、普通辉石、角闪石、绿泥石、蛭石;并有少量碳酸盐矿物,如方解石(8%)、白云石(2.3%);以及磷酸盐矿物磷灰石(2.1%)。退缩区土壤的矿物组成总体呈新发育土壤特征,随着成土年龄的增加,方解石逐渐被风化成为草酸钙石,角闪石、黑云母、磷灰石和绿泥石含量逐渐降低,长英质矿物的相对含量有所增加。成土作用中矿物组成的变化受植被原生演替和土壤p H的影响,快速发育的植被导致土壤p H迅速降低,风化程度增强。     

高压饱和蒸汽热处理对小叶杨结晶特性的影响

H本文以内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区常见树种小叶杨为试材,饱和蒸汽为传热介质,饱和蒸汽温度为160℃ (0.6MPa)、170℃ (0.8MPa)和180℃(1.0MPa),处理时间为1h、2h和3h对试材进行不同条件的热处理,通过X射线衍射仪研究和分析热处理温度、热处理时间对处理材结晶特性的影响,结果表明:处理材的相对结晶度随温度的升高和时间的延长而增大;当饱和蒸汽温度为180℃(1.0MPa)、时间为3h时,处理材的相对结晶度最高为68.51％,比对照组高24.35％.     

Development and Characterization of Calcium-Alginate Beads of Apigenin: In Vitro Antitumor,Antibacterial, and Antioxidant Activities

The objective of this work was to develop sustained-release Ca-alginate beads of apigenin using sodium alginate, a natural polysaccharide. Six batches were prepared by applying the ionotropic gelation technique, wherein calcium chloride was used as a crosslinking agent. The beads were evaluated for particle size, drug loading, percentage yield, and in vitro drug release. Particle size was found to decrease, and drug entrapment efficiency was enhanced with an increase in the polymer concentration. The dissolution study showed sustained drug release from the apigenin-loaded alginate beads with an increase in the polymer proportion. Based on the dissolution profiles, BD6 formulation was optimized and characterized for FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM, results of which indicated successful development of apigenin-loaded Ca alginate beads. MTT assay demonstrated a potential anticancer effect against the breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. The antimicrobial activity exhibited effective inhibition in the bacterial and fungal growth rate. The DPPH measurement revealed that the formulation had substantial antioxidant activity, with EC50 value slightly lowered compared to pure apigenin. A stability study demonstrated that the BD6 was stable with similar (f2) drug release profiles in harsh condition. In conclusion, alginate-based beads could be used for sustaining the drug release of poorly water-soluble apigenin while also improving in vitro antitumor, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity.     

Comparative study of conventional and microwave-assisted liquefaction of corn stover in ethylene glycol

A comparative study on conventional and microwave-assisted liquefaction of corn stover has been carried out using ethylene glycol (EG) as liquefacient and sulfuric acid as catalyst. Microwave dramatically increased the liquefaction extent and rate compared to conventional heating. The liquefied products and residues in both methods have been investigated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The GPC results show that the molecular weight of liquefied products with conventional heating is significantly greater than those of microwave-assisted liquefaction. The FTIR spectra indicate that there are significant differences in the hydroxyl and carbonyl group contents in the liquefied products with the two methods. The residue from microwave-assisted liquefaction mainly consisted of mineral matter. Many granules appeared on the surface of microwave liquefied residue according to SEM observation.     

利用稻壳灰水热合成A型沸石的工艺研究

[目的]得出稻壳灰合成A型沸石的最佳条件。[方法]利用水热法对稻壳灰合成A型沸石的反应温度、碱浓度、反应物硅铝比和反应时间进行研究。[结果]在水热温度100℃,NaOH浓度为2 mol/L,原料硅铝比为1.0～2.0,反应时间为4～6 h的条件下,可以得到结晶度较高的A型沸石。[结论]该方法工艺简单经济,为生物质灰的利用提供了一种思路,有利于实现完整的生物质能源利用系统,形成可持续发展。     

重庆地区主要紫色母岩中部分层状硅酸盐矿物差异性的研究

[目的]为了探讨重庆地区紫色土母岩的矿物组成特性和差异性。[方法]对重庆地区主要紫色母岩进行了XRD分析。[结果]重庆地区主要紫色母岩的层状硅酸盐矿物组成种类相对一致,除沙溪庙组母岩中未检出绿泥石外,其余各母岩中层状硅酸盐矿物都为蛭石、绿泥石、伊利石、高岭石和云母;在不同种类紫色母岩中,各层状硅酸盐矿物相对含量存在0.05水平显著差异;各紫色母岩中,伊利石结晶度不存在显著差异。[结论]紫色母岩中的层状硅酸盐矿物的种类、相对含量以及伊利石结晶度随地理位置改变未发生明显的变化。     

两种方法合成稀土离子掺杂的SrYbF_5材料及其发光特性研究

本文用水热和共沉淀两种方法合成稀土离子掺杂的SrYbF_5材料,给出了该材料的XRD图,并且讨论了980nm激发光照射下的上转换发光特性以及能级跃迁机理。     

Use of soil nonexchangeable potassium by paddy rice with clay structural changes under long-term fertilizer management

To prove the hypothesis that paddy rice utilizes soil nonexchangeable potassium (neK) and causes associated structural changes in clay minerals, K status and clay mineralogy of 22 surface soils from three paddy fields under long-term fertilizer management for 51–93 years were investigated. Soil neK content was determined as the difference between 1 mol L⁻¹ hot HNO₃ extractable K and 1 mol L⁻¹ ammonium acetate exchangeable K. Clay mineralogy was identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The radiocesium interception potential (RIP), an index of frayed edge sites in the interlayer sites of 2:1 type clay minerals, was also determined. The neK contents under the -K and NPK treatments were considerably lower than those under the unfertilized treatment in all the fields, indicating the exploitation of soil neK by rice. XRD analysis of the clay samples revealed 7% shift from the 1.0 peak to 1.4 nm one under the -K treatment compared with the unfertilized one, and the amounts of neK were negatively correlated with those of RIP (p < .01), suggesting the expansion of interlayer spaces of the 2:1 type phyllosilicates such as mica due to the release of neK. In addition, the neK content positively correlated with K balance of the long-term experiments (p < .05). The differences of neK between unfertilized K and -K treatments corresponded to 22–157 kg K ha⁻¹, or 0.42–1.68 kg K ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. In conclusion, utilization of considerable amount of soil neK under K depleted conditions should be considered to establish sustainable K management for paddy rice.     

香菇栽培前后基质中纤维素结构的变化

为了探讨食用菌栽培料和菌糠纤维素微观结构的差异,本研究以黑龙江省常见的香菇栽培料和香菇菌糠为实验材料,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察香菇栽培前后纤维素微观表面的变化,利用光衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(FT-IR)研究了香菇栽培前后纤维素结晶度和微观结构分子基团的改变。扫描电镜观察到栽培食用菌后,纤维素微观结构整体变化不大,但纤维素表面出现了更多的细小洞穴;XRD和FT-IR测定的香菇菌糠纤维素结晶区的结晶度和纤维素特征吸收峰的吸收强度都明显低于香菇栽培料,表明纤维素晶体结构遭到破坏,这正好和SEM观察到的图像吻合。栽培香菇后纤维素结构分子间和分子内氢键发生重排,这也是纤维素降解困难的原因。