Oviposition and larval performance of Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) on the Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica

To determine whether Monochamus alternatus can use the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) as a host tree, experiments were conducted in a laboratory using three insect populations of different localities. Adult females chose Pinus densiflora bolts as oviposition substrate when supplied with cedar and pine bolts simultaneously, whereas some females from one locality oviposited on cedar bolts when supplied with them exclusively. Seventy-three percent of 40 eggs hatched in cedar bolts. When the first instar larvae were inoculated on cedar bolts, the development was stunted greatly and all died during the larval stage. Two of 20 larvae that were inoculated on cedar bolts at the third instar entered the diapause and one larva developed into an adult female, which produced viable eggs but was much smaller than those obtained from pine bolts. The results did not exclude the possibility that M. alternatus can use recently killed C. japonica trees as a host.     

5种杉科植物不同部位的精气成分

为了解杉科植物所含精气的化学成分及其相对含量,在湖南南岳、江西靖安、浙江临安选择柳杉、杉木、水杉、池杉和落羽杉5个树种的纯林采集各树种的叶片和木材释放的精气,采用气相色谱/质谱联机法分析、鉴定其所含化学成分及其相对含量.结果表明:杉科植物所含主要化学成分是α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯,柳杉的叶片和木材单萜烯、倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达96.89%、98.84%;杉木的叶片和木材所含单萜烯与倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达95.60%、96.34%;水杉的叶片和木材单萜烯、倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达99.03%、97.69%;池杉的叶片和木材所含单萜烯与倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达98.83%、94.91%;落羽杉的叶片和木材所含单萜烯、倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达95.77%、96.71%.     

Cloning and sequence analysis of nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants

Myeloblastosis(MYB) is one of the largest transcribed factor families in plants. To gain an overall picture of the evolution of MYB genes in relict plants, we cloned nine novel MYB genes in Taxodiaceae plants(Taxodium distichum, Taxodium ascendens, Cryptomeria japonica var. Sinensis, Cryptomeria japonica cv. Araucarioides, Cryptomer Japonica, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Taiwania cryptomerioides and Glyptostrobus pensilis). The deduced amino acid sequences for MYBs showed that the nine MYB proteins contained two DNA binding domains. The first domain is from amino acid position 29 to 78, wherein three tryptophanes at 33, 53 and 73 were separated by 19 amino acids, respectively. The second domain is from amino acid position 82 to 127, wherein three tryptophanes at 86, 105 and 124 were separated by 18 amino acids, respectively, whereas the first tryptophane at amino acid position 86 is replaced by a phenylalanine. The characterization of these conserved domains at nine MYBs indicated that they all belong to the R2R3-MYB group. The secondary structure analysis showed that α-helix and β-turn are the major motifs of the predicted secondary structure of MYBs. The three dimensional model of each MYB protein showed that the structure is like clip, making it more flexible and mobile. The similarities between the nine MYB proteins in Taxodiaceae were calculated. The highest identical value of 99% is between CjsMYB, CjMYB and CjaMYB, whereas the lowest value of 82% is between TaMYB and ClMYB. According to the phylogenetic tree, the distances between different genera were relatively large whereas those within genera were relatively small. As expected, accessions of the same genus formed a subgroup before being grouped with other genera.     

A new abietane diterpene from Glyptostrobus pensilis

A new abietane diterpene, glypensin A (1) and four known compounds, 12-acetoxy-ent-labda-8(17), 13E-dien-15-oic acid (2), quercetin 3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside (3), quercetin 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (4), β-sitosterol (5) were isolated from the branches and leaves of Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staut.) Koch. Their structures were determined by MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR means. Compound 1 showed cytotoxicity on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 (IC₅₀ = 21.2 μM).     

气孔参数的变异系数和影响因素

该文中的北美红杉和水杉的气孔参数（气孔密度和气孔指数）是在叶片的相同部位获得的,每一种植物统计气孔参数的区域大小也是一样的. CO2浓度和非CO2浓度因素对气孔参数的影响是一致的.研究结果表明:气孔指数的变异系数都小于气孔密度的变异系数,利用北美红杉和水杉的气孔指数指示大气CO2浓度要比用气孔密度指示更为准确. 利用气孔参数指示古大气CO2浓度时,消除非CO2浓度因素对气孔参数的影响是提高指示准确性的关键. 气孔参数的变化与环境因子有关,环境因素对气孔指数的影响较小. 气孔参数还与植物种类、叶片的着生部位、发育状况有关. 同一叶片的不同部位和角质层的大小等因素也会影响气孔参数的大小.       

四川5种杉科植物的核型分析

【目的】对杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata（Lamb.）Hook）、柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr）、日本柳杉（Cryptomeria japonica（Linn.f.）D.Don）、池杉（Taxodium ascendens Brongn）和落羽杉（Taxodium distichum（Linn.）Rich）染色体核型进行分析,并对它们的种间亲缘关系和进化趋势进行探讨,旨在为该科植物进化及分类提供细胞遗传学资料。【方法】采用常规压片法,运用AI细胞遗传工作系统对5种杉科植物的染色体及核型进行研究。【结果】杉木核型公式为：2n=2x=22=20m（2SAT)+2sm,核型类型属于2B型;柳杉和日本柳杉的核型公式为：2n=2x=22=20m+2sm,核型类型属于2A型;池杉和落羽杉核型公式为：2n=2x=22=22m,核型类型属于1A型。平均臂比值差异不大,为1.20～1.31;核型不对称系数变化较小,为54.24%～55.57%;最长/最短染色体值为1.36～2.18。柳杉与日本柳杉的亲缘关系较近,池杉与落羽杉的亲缘关系较近,可分为3组：杉木、柳杉和日本柳杉、池杉和落羽杉。进化顺序为杉木>柳杉>日本柳杉>池杉>落羽杉。【结论】杉科植物总体进化程度相对原始,进化速度缓慢,但种间存在广泛变异,以杉木的核型进化程度最高。     

利用ACGM标记发掘杉科功能基因

利用4对日本柳杉(Cryptomeria japonica)的扩增共有序列遗传标记(Amplified Consensus Genetic Marker,ACGM)引物,在杉科7个属的11份材料中扩增出了25个PCR产物,测序、BLAST比对和联配结果表明,4对引物的扩增产物分别与拟南芥和日本柳杉的4个基因(MYB基因、CCCH-型锌指蛋白基因、查尔酮合成酶基因、抗冻相关基因COR47)具有较高的相似度性,推测这些PCR产物为这4个基因在杉科物种中的同源基因片段。研究结果表明ACGM标记可被用于发掘其他物种的功能基因片段。     

5种杉科植物不同部位的精气成分

为了解杉科植物所含精气的化学成分及其相对含量。在湖南南岳、江西靖安、浙江临安选挣柳杉、杉木、水杉、池杉和落羽杉5个树种的纯林采集各树种的叶片和木材释放的精气，采用气相色谱／质谱联机法分析、鉴定其所含化学成分及其相对含量．结果表明；杉科植物所含主要化学成分是α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、莰烯，柳杉的叶片和木材单萜烯、倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达96．89％、98．84％；杉木的叶片和木材所含单萜烯与倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达95．60％、96．34％；水杉的叶片和木材单萜烯、倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达99．03％、97．69％；池杉的叶片和木材所含单萜烯与倍半萜烯相对含量之和分别达98．83％、94．91％；落羽杉的叶片和木材所含单萜烯、倍半萜烯相对含量之和分射达95．77％、96．71％．     

巨杉的叶表皮结构及其与红杉和水杉的比较

杉科植物巨杉是美国特有植物.叶片鳞状钻形,双面气孔型.叶面非气孔区的表皮细胞长方形,细胞长轴与叶片长轴的方向一致.叶片远轴面和近轴面各有2条气孔带,每条气孔带由2～5行气孔组成.叶片中部的气孔带最宽,气孔数量最多.叶片顶部近轴面的气孔数量比远轴面的气孔数量明显多,叶片中部远轴面和近轴面的气孔分布和数量近似,叶片基部远轴面的气孔明显比近轴面的气孔多.气孔椭圆形,多数气孔的长轴与叶片长轴的方向一致.保卫细胞肾形,细胞壁加厚.副卫细胞的形态特征和垂周壁的角度与周围表皮细胞的不一致.巨杉与其近邻北美红杉和中国特有植物水杉相比,巨杉和北美红杉的表皮细胞壁直,水杉的多数表皮细胞的壁明显弯曲;巨杉叶表皮细胞的大小与水杉的近似,而北美红杉表皮细胞的长度明显比巨杉和水杉表皮细胞的长度大;巨杉叶片的远轴面和近轴面都有气孔分布,水杉的气孔主要分布在叶片的远轴面;北美红杉既有类似巨杉的气孔分布方式,又有类似水杉的气孔分布方式;巨杉气孔的形态和大小与北美红杉的更近似.      

杉木人工林能量平衡的研究

本文分析研究了杉木人工林的热量收支平衡的各个分量。结果表明:杉木人工林林冠反射率的年变化为0.15—0.25,最大值在一年中的8—9月份,最小值在2月份。系统的蒸发散消耗掉了净辐射80％的能量。对于净辐射的日变化来说,林内较林外大。并且一日中,林内的正净辐射时间集中。林内净辐射的日变化曲线上来看,净辐射增加和减小都很剧烈,这样使得林内在一天中10点钟以前很凉爽,以后,很快变得闷热,16点以后,闷热感又很快消失。土壤导热率受着季节性变化的影响,特别受着水分含量的影响。