伏牛山生态资源开发利用与发展思考——伏牛山生态资源保护和利用对策

伏牛山属秦岭山脉的支脉,位于北亚热带和暖温带的气候分区线,是物种南北过渡、东西交汇的“陆桥”,特殊的地理位置和复杂多样的生态环境条件,使本区保存了丰富的生物多样性资源。通过对伏牛山区生态资源保护和利用现状的分析,找出薄弱环节,提出发展利用建议,以期为伏牛山生态资源的合理利用提供理论依据。     

中国谷子生产的要素变化与机械化水平分析及发展方向

为明确中国谷子生产发展的要素变化以及生产机械化水平的现状，促进中国谷子生产效益提升，从跟踪国家谷子糜子产业技术体系信息点和调查中国谷子生产情况2 个方面，统计信息平台和谷子生产的数据，采用Excel 统计软件进行数据处理，分析中国谷子生产的要素变化和机械化水平。结果显示物质投入呈现缓慢增加的趋势，人工投入降低，且降幅较大，谷子生产总投入逐渐降低；机械类型多样且机械化水平逐渐提高。最后提出谷子生产向有机、功能农业和轻简高效生产技术集成模式的方向发展。     

稻渔综合种养技术研究进展

稻渔综合种养可使农业从单一经营转变为复合经营,从平面生产转变为立体生产,是农业转方式、调结构的重要发展方向。为进一步促进稻渔综合种养研究的深入开展和稻渔综合种养模式的推广应用,综述了中国稻渔综合种养技术的发展概况,阐明了稻渔综合种养模式的增产增效作用及与之配套的稻田工程技术、安全植保技术、安全施肥技术、鱼病防治技术、水质管理技术的实施过程,指出了稻渔综合种养模式对产业的支撑作用,展望了稻渔综合种养模式的发展前景,并提出了稻渔综合种养模式的重点研究方向。     

Breaching the black box: The role of ramps in Thai sustainable palm oil certification

Certification of sustainable palm oil as organised through the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil is based on a simplified understanding of the global palm oil value chain – according to which instructions about production practices can be directly translated from the palm oil mill to the primary producer. The reality of palm oil provision is much more complex than this as is shown in the case of Thailand. On the basis of qualitative field study in Southern Thailand this paper clarifies that intermediary stages, such as the collection of oil palm fruit bunches at the ramp, play a key role in the organisation of the chain. The fluidity and complexity of the palm oil flow at the local level complicates the promotion of sustainability through certification. Global and national stakeholders, such as processing and trading firms, non‐governmental organisations and national governments, should therefore open this black box of local dynamics to more effectively contribute to sustainability in palm oil supply.     

面向“双一流”建设的中国高校科技发展指数研究

创新高校科技评估的理念,提高高校科技评估水平是建设一流大学与一流学科的有力保障。文章主要从高校科技发展指数的概念和特征、指数构建的原则、指标体系的设计和指数评价模型的构建等方面对中国高校科技发展指数进行了阐述,为中国高校科技发展指数的全面实施打下基础。与以往高校科技评估方式相比,高校科技发展指数具有动态性、国际标准性和客观可行性等特点,满足了“双一流”建设背景下高校科技评估的新要求。     

土壤学发展历程、研究现状与展望

土壤学在农业可持续发展和生态环境建设中发挥了极其重要作用。随着现代科学技术和社会经济的快速发展,土壤学正在经历从传统向现代土壤学的转变。本文简单回顾了国际和中国土壤学的发展历程,分析了土壤学研究现状,指出了中国土壤学的研究特色和主要研究成果。同时,分析了当前土壤学研究领域所面临的问题和挑战,对其未来的发展趋势做出了展望,为土壤学的发展指明了研究方向。     

Agriculture Green Development: a model for China and the world

Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People’s Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China—realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate “green” with “development” to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.     

中国农作物病虫害防控科技的发展方向

中国是世界上农作物病虫害发生最严重的国家之一,常年发生1700余种。近年来,受全球气候变化、经济一体化和农业产业结构调整等诸多因素的影响,中国农作物病虫害问题趋于严重。化学农药是目前中国防治农作物病虫害的最主要手段,农药的大量使用在控制有害生物的同时,也带来了农药残留超标、环境污染、害虫抗药性与再猖獗等一系列问题。因此,发展绿色防控科技,大幅度降低化学农药的用量是中国植物保护科研工作的核心任务,其重点发展方向包括：产业结构调整、全球经济一体化和气候变化等因素对重大病虫害种群演替规律的影响,基于现代生物技术、信息技术、新材料与先进制造的植保新理论、新方法与新产品,绿色防治关键技术与产品,化学农药精准施药和残留检测追溯技术,智能化植物保护装备,以及区域性病虫害绿色可持续控制模式等。     

橡胶籽资源的研究开发现状

我国橡胶籽资源广泛且价格低,开发橡胶籽资源对实现资源综合利用以及提高橡胶产业经济效益具有重要意义。本文介绍了橡胶籽的主要组成成分,总结了橡胶籽在饲料、食品、医药和工业应用等方面的研究进展,分析了利用过程中存在的问题,并提出了开发利用建议,以期为橡胶籽资源高效综合利用提供更多的研究思路。     

Management strategies for forage rape (Brassica napus L. cv Goliath): Impact on dry-matter yield,plant reserves,morphology and nutritive value

Limited information is available on the grazing management principles of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), particularly in relation to grazing height and intensity and the impact of these on dry-matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. A glasshouse study was undertaken to investigate the effect of three defoliation heights (plant height at harvest; DH: 40, 70 and 90 cm; L, M and H DH respectively) and three defoliation intensities (height at which plants were cut; DI: 5, 20 and 35 cm of residual height; H, M and L DI respectively) on forage rape (cv Goliath) yield and nutritive value at two harvests (harvest 1, H1 and harvest 2, H2), and the impact of nitrogen (N) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves on regrowth. Increasing DH from L to H increased estimated total DM yield (H1 plus H2) from 0.5 to 4.6 t DM/ha but DI did not affect yield. Dry-matter yield was optimized at 90 cm DH, but greater nutritive value was achieved by harvesting at lower levels of DH. Despite high in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD; 852–889 g/kg), harvesting at 90 cm DH could not meet the protein requirement of lactating dairy cows and harvesting at lower levels risks nitrate poisoning. Our results indicate the optimum DH may be between 70 and 90 cm DH, and 20 and 35 cm DI, which requires further studies.