外源硅调控葡萄生理特性对低温胁迫的响应

本研究以大田葡萄品种‘梅鹿辄’为试材,采用大田喷施硅酸钾与室内低温处理相结合的方法,测定不同温度下葡萄叶片生理指标的变化,研究外源硅酸钾调控葡萄生理特性对低温胁迫的响应,探讨其提高葡萄抗寒性可能的作用机制。结果表明:低温胁迫下葡萄Inv活性被抑制,而其它指标则升高;喷施硅酸钾可显著降低低温胁迫下葡萄叶片的MDA含量,且当硅酸钾浓度为0.75%时对低温的损伤缓解作用最大;而脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量、Inv、SPS活性及SS净活性均随硅酸钾浓度的升高而显著提高,但是可溶性蛋白含量在硅酸钾浓度为0.50%时最大,其它指标均在浓度为0.75%时最大;通过葡萄叶片各抗寒指标的隶属度值与综合评价指标看出,始花期0.75%的硅酸钾处理后葡萄抗寒性最强。综合分析,喷施硅酸钾可提高低温胁迫下葡萄叶片渗透调节物质含量,加快蔗糖转运及代谢速率,缓解活性氧累积,增强其耐寒性。     

水分胁迫下转DREB3基因抗旱大豆的生理反应

采用田间试验方法,在苗期和初花期自然状态、水分胁迫以及充足灌水条件下,研究了转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片、茎、根中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和蔗糖含量的变化。结果表明,在自然状态下,苗期水分胁迫第5天时,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片SOD活性显著高于受体大豆东农50,初花期无明显变化;苗期和初花期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片、茎和根中丙二醛、脯氨酸含量与受体大豆东农50相比无明显差异;苗期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片和根中蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,初花期差异不显著。在水分胁迫条件下,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆SOD活性显著高于受体大豆东农50,丙二醛含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,初花期水分胁迫第10天时叶片和茎中脯氨酸含量显著高于受体大豆东农50,蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50。充足灌水管理下,转DREB3基因抗旱大豆与受体大豆东农50相比,苗期和初花期叶片、茎和根中SOD活性、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量无明显差异;苗期转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片中蔗糖含量显著低于受体大豆东农50,但在初花期水分胁迫10天时转DREB3基因抗旱大豆叶片中蔗糖含量显著高于受体大豆东农50,苗期和初花期茎和根中蔗糖含量无显著差异。     

棉花不同品种叶片和纤维中蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性变化 及其与糖含量的关系

利用山农棕02、丰抗6号、中棉45 3个品种在大田栽培的条件下，研究了叶片和纤维中蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性的变化及与糖含量的关系。结果表明，在3个品种的叶片和纤维中，蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性均出现双峰，在开花当天最高，花后18d次之，整体呈下降趋势；与此同时可溶性总糖和蔗糖的含量变化以及光合速率的变化也成相似的变化。3个品种中，丰抗6号蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性和含糖量最高，中棉45次之，山农棕02最低。3个品种的相应观测指标之间均呈极显著差异。     

旱种水稻结实期茎中碳同化物的运转及其生理机制

以杂交水稻汕优63和籼稻扬稻6号为材料，研究了旱种(地膜覆盖栽培)水稻结实期茎中碳同化物的运转及其生理机制。结果表明，抽穗至成熟期旱种水稻标记14C从茎中向籽粒的再分配、茎中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的运转率及其对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于水种(常规栽培)水稻。水稻旱种后籽粒中的蔗糖合成酶和酸性转化酶活性、茎中α-淀     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Simple Sugar and Fructan Composition of Orchardgrass Pasture and Hay in the Piedmont Region of the United States

Seasonal and diurnal changes in water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (ESC), as well as in chromatographic profiles of the sugars comprising these categories, were studied in orchardgrass pastures at one location in the Piedmont region of Virginia. Grass from four experimental plots was sampled weekly in the morning and afternoon over an 8-week period (early to late spring). Tissue was air-dried to simulate hay, or frozen to preserve the sugar profiles of fresh pasture. WSC and ESC were assayed colorimetrically. To profile sugars, boiled-water extracts were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to pulsed amperometric detection. Fructan, glucose, fructose, and sucrose were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. All sugar concentrations were highest in the early spring in both fresh and dried tissue. Fructan chain length was highest in early spring as well. Significant diurnal differences were observed for WSC and fructan, on some dates (P < .0001 and P = .024, respectively), and for ESC, glucose, and sucrose averaged over the entire period (P = .0002, .004, and <.0001, respectively). Sucrose was barely detectable in fresh tissue but reached 1.6% to 12% dry matter in dried tissue. These results demonstrate changes in orchardgrass carbohydrates over a season, within a day, and between dried and fresh herbage. Understanding these changes may be helpful in the management of horses with a history of insulin resistance and laminitis.     

Gene Expression of Enzymes for Starch and Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Leaf Sheaths of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) during the Heading Period in Relation to the Sink to Source Transition

Abstract

Leaf sheaths of rice plants are known to temporarily accumulate starch prior to heading, which is subsequently remobilized and transported into the panicle after heading. We investigated the time course for both carbohydrate content and steady state mRNA levels of enzymes related to starch and sucrose metabolism in the rice leaf sheath (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare). Leaf sheaths from the second leaf below the flag leaf accumulated high levels of starch before heading but they rapidly decreased after heading. In contrast, the flag leaf sheath did not accumulate as much starch. In the second leaf sheath, the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in starch synthesis, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2. 7. 7. 27), soluble starch synthase (EC 2. 4. 1.21) and branching enzyme (EC 2. 4. 1. 18) were high before heading, which coincided with rapid accumulation of starch. The mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes, cytosolic FBPase (EC 3. 1. 3. 11) and sucrose phosphate synthase (EC 2. 4. 1. 14), and the sucrose transporter (OsSUTI) increased at the time of heading, which was largely coincident with a decrease in the mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes. In the flag leaf sheaths, changes in mRNA levels of starch synthesis enzymes were not pronounced, however mRNA levels of sucrose synthesis enzymes and the sucrose transporter showed a clear increase throughout the heading period. The different characteristics observed between the two leaf sheaths will be discussed in relation to the sink to source transition.     

水氮供应对灌浆期冬小麦籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性及产量的影响

为明确不同水氮供应对冬小麦灌浆期籽粒蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性及籽粒产量的影响,在大田栽培条件下,以冬小麦品种矮抗58为材料,设3种水分处理（低水W₀、中水W₁、高水W₂）和4个施氮水平（无氮N₀、低氮N₁、中氮N₂、高氮N₃）,研究了不同水氮供应下灌浆期籽粒蔗糖代谢、淀粉合成相关酶活性的变化特点。结果表明,水分胁迫能增加籽粒的蔗糖积累速率,缩短灌浆进程,促进小麦早熟;降低了籽粒中腺苷二膦酸葡萄糖磷酸化酶（ADPG-PPase）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、束缚态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）和淀粉分支酶（SBE）活性。适当增施氮肥能够促进籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉转化,增加4种淀粉合成相关酶活性,其中W₁N₂处理的ADPG-PPase、SSS、GBSS和SBE活性峰值最高, 较W₁N₃、W₁N₁和W₁N₀处理分别增加了1.5%、7.9%、11.9%、5.8%和9.6%、4.5%、4.7%、5.2%和13.6%、7.6%、20.9%、10.5%,氮肥过量会对以上4种酶活性产生抑制作用。适当提高氮肥水平能增加小麦成穗数、穗粒数和千粒重,最终极显著地提高小麦产量,W₁N₂处理较W₀N₀和W₂N₃处理分别增产164.6%、3.0%。在小麦灌浆期间控制土壤田间持水量为60%~65%、配施氮肥240 kg·hm^-2能协同提高小麦籽粒蔗糖含量,保证源器官有足够供应能力,提高淀粉合成酶活性,促进小麦体内碳氮代谢,最终增加产量。     

苗期夜间低温处理对番茄叶片蔗糖合成能力的影响

[目的]探讨苗期夜间低温处理对番茄叶片蔗糖合成能力的影响。[方法]以15℃夜温为对照,研究了6℃夜间低温处理1、3、5、7d对番茄叶片中蔗糖合成能力的影响。[结果]经过夜间低温处理,番茄叶片中的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量在处理期间6：00时皆大于对照,11：00时则相反;处理和对照植株在6：00时番茄叶片中的果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量皆低于11：00时。番茄叶片中的淀粉含量在处理期间6：00和11：00时皆较对照有所增加。夜间低温处理使番茄糖代谢酶活性发生了改变,处理期间6：00和11：00时处理植株的酸性转化酶（AI）和中性转化酶（NI）活性皆高于对照,而蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性皆低于对照;处理植株11：00时的所有酶活性皆高于6：00时,对照植株11：00时与6：00时相比转化酶活性降低,而合成酶活性升高。在夜间低温处理过程中处理植株的蔗糖合成酶活性降低,叶片中11：00时蔗糖增加量小于对照,说明夜间低温处理降低了番茄叶片的蔗糖合成能力。[结论]为番茄设施高产栽培的环境控制提供了理论依据。     

河南不同地区烤烟蔗糖含量及其代谢关键酶之间的关系分析

通过河南确山和宝丰两地区烤烟蔗糖含量及其代谢关键酶的对比分析,研究了NC89不同发育时期18片叶蔗糖代谢相关酶即蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、转化酶(INV)的活性变化与蔗糖含量的变化。结果表明:烟叶蔗糖积累过程中,SPS、SS和INV活性的变化趋势是基本相同的,SPS、INV活性在烟叶生长中期宝丰烟叶均明显高于确山烟叶,蔗糖合成酶活性差别不显著,而确山烟叶蔗糖含量明显高于宝丰烟叶,说明了宝丰烟叶的碳代谢远远高于确山烟叶。