The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China

Soil compaction caused by random traffic or repetitive tillage has been shown to reduce water use efficiency, and thus crop yield due to reduced porosity, decreased water infiltration and availability of nutrients. Conservation tillage coupled with subsoiling in northern China is widely believed to reduce soil compaction, which was created after many years of no-till. However, limited research has been conducted on the most effective time interval for subsoiling, under conservation tillage. Data from conservation tillage demonstration sites operating for 10 years in northern China were used to conduct a comparative study of subsoiling interval under conservation tillage. Three modes of traditional tillage, subsoiling with soil cover and no-till with soil cover were compared using 10 years of soil bulk density, water content, yield and water use efficiency data. Cost benefit analysis was conducted on subsoiling time interval under conservation tillage. Yield and power consumption were assessed by based on the use of a single pass combine subsoiler and planter. Annual subsoiling was effective in reducing bulk density by only 4.9% compared with no-till treatments on the silty loam soils of the Loess plateau, but provided no extra benefit in terms of soil water loss, yield increase or water utilization. With the exception of bulk density, no-till and subsoiling with cover were vastly superior in increasing water use (+10.5%) efficiency and yield (+12.9%) compared to traditional tillage methods. Four years of no-till followed by one subsoiling reduced mechanical inputs by 62%, providing an economic benefit of 49% for maize and 209% for wheat production compared to traditional tillage. Annual subsoiling reduced inputs by 25% with an increased economic benefit of 23% for maize and 135% for wheat production. Yield and power consumption was improved by 5% and 20%, respectively, by combining subsoiling with the planting operation in one pass compared with multipass operations of subsoiling and planting. A key conclusion from this is that annual subsoiling in dryland areas of northern China is uneconomical and unwarranted. Four years of no-till operations followed by 1 year subsoiling provided some relief from accumulated soil compaction. However, minimum soil disturbance and maximum soil cover are key elements of no-till for saving water and improving yields. Improved yields and reduced farm power consumption could provide a significant base on which to promote combined planter and subsoiling operations throughout northern China. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the linkages between conservation tillage, soil quality and yield, aimed at designing most appropriate conservation tillage schemes.     

辽宁省大连市深松整地机械技术规范

介绍辽宁大连地区的几种深松机具的使用特点,操作要点以及使用注意事项。     

深松和翻耕对旱地小麦花后根系衰老及产量的影响

为了解深松耕作对小麦根系衰老及产量的影响,以济麦22为材料,通过田间试验,对深松与翻耕条件下旱地小麦花后根系部分生理指标以及籽粒产量进行了比较分析。结果表明,与翻耕处理相比,深松处理小麦花后根系能够保持较高的超氧化物歧化酶活性与硝酸还原酶活性,丙二醛含量较低,可溶性蛋白含量降低缓慢,说明深松处理能够减缓根系的衰老。深松处理的小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重高于翻耕处理,其中穗粒数增加达到显著水平,是深松处理增产的主要原因。     

休闲期深松配施氮肥对旱地土壤水分及小麦籽粒蛋白质积累的影响

为探索旱地小麦休闲期蓄水保墒及其配套施肥技术,2009-2011年连续2个小麦生长季,在山西闻喜县进行了休闲期深松或无耕作条件下低(75 kg hm^-2)、中(150 kg hm^-2)、高(225 kg hm^-2)施氮水平的田间试验,以明确深松处理配合施氮对土壤水分、籽粒蛋白质形成的影响。结果表明,深松处理可提高播前土壤蓄水量,尤其是深层土壤(60~160 cm)蓄水量,欠水年和丰水年分别提高12%~34%、10%~22%。深松处理后,籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、旗叶谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、低氮和中氮条件下籽粒GOGAT、籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT) 活性均提高;籽粒蛋白质产量和球蛋白含量,及丰水年谷蛋白含量和谷醇比也提高。随施氮量增加,开花期20~200 cm土壤蓄水量呈下降趋势,但籽粒GS、灌浆中后期旗叶GOGAT、灌浆后期籽粒GPT活性均上升,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量提高,中氮条件下籽粒谷醇比最高。施氮量对深松处理开花期深层土壤蓄水量、籽粒蛋白质产量、籽粒GS和GPT活性有较大调控效应。深松配施氮肥条件下,丰水年开花期土壤水分与籽粒清蛋白、谷蛋白、蛋白质含量关系密切,而欠水年开花期土壤水分与谷醇比关系密切。氮代谢酶主要影响籽粒球蛋白含量、蛋白质产量的积累,丰水年还影响籽粒谷蛋白含量和谷醇比的提高。总之,旱地小麦休闲期深松蓄水效果好;配施氮量225 kg hm^-2有利于提高籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量,在欠水年施氮量150 kg hm^-2有利于提高籽粒蛋白质产量及谷醇比。     

高产春玉米灌浆期碳氮积累、转运及叶片衰老特性对深松深度的响应

试验采用深松35 cm（S35）和深松25 cm（S25）及不深松（CK）3个处理,比较分析各处理间吐丝后地上部干物质、氮素积累量的差异和叶片SAPD值、群体叶面积的变化。结果表明,灌浆期地上部干物质、氮素积累量均表现为S35>S25>CK处理,且随着生育进程的推进和深松深度的增加,其差异明显增大。在吐丝后36 d,各深松处理子粒干物质和氮素积累量均占成熟期的60%之上,均以S35最高;棒三叶以下叶片的氮素输出量表现为CK >S25 >S3处理;群体叶面积下降幅度表现为CK >S25 >S35处理,以吐丝后18～36 d下降最为明显;深松处理延缓了穗位叶、穗位上、下第1叶和穗位上第2叶SPAD值的下降。随深松深度的增加深松作用显著,在灌浆后期表现更明显。     

小型深松施肥机变量施肥机构参数控制研究

[目的]为了提高化肥利用率,保护生态环境,促进农业可持续发展。[方法]选用一台4行深松施肥机,4种肥料,进行4组试验。每种肥料分别在不同的排肥轮长度和不同的转速下进行正交试验,用HMI调节转速,使步进电机按不同转速转动,带动排肥器排肥。[结果]在肥料一定、轮长不变的情况下,步进电机转速与机具前进速度之间存在线性关系。[结论]采用控制排肥轮长度和步进电机转速的方式来控制排肥量是切实可行的。     

关中地区不同耕作方式对冬小麦产量及土壤蓄水保水能力影响

2020-2021年在陕西省泾阳县设置3个深松深度和2个深翻深度,研究了不同深度的机械深松、深翻对土壤蓄水保水能力及产量影响。结果表明：深松和深翻处理在一定程度上有利于提高深层土壤的蓄水保水能力,播前深翻30 cm和深松30 cm处理80～200 cm各深度平均土壤含水率较对照分别高1.27%和1.64%,冬前、返青期和收获期3个深松深度和2个深翻深度处理80～200 cm各深度平均土壤含水率较对照提高0.13%～3.98%。在深松3个处理中30 cm深度处理产量最高为8 257.5 kg/hm²,较CK增产6.0%,处理之间差异极显著;在深翻2个处理中25 cm深度处理产量最高为8 017.5 kg/hm²,较CK增产3.0%,处理之间差异显著。深松和深翻处理对冬小麦产量的影响与处理深度密切相关,深松以30 cm深度处理,深翻以25 cm深度处理为最佳。     

Water Availability for Winter Wheat Affected by Summer Fallow Tillage Practices in Slope Dryland

The tillage experiments for winter wheat were conducted on the slope farmland in Luoyang,Henan Province in the semihumid to arid loess plateau areas of North China. Different tillage methods inclu-ding reduced tillage (RT), no-till (NT), 2 crops/year (2C), subsoiling(SS), and conventional tillage (CT)were compared to determine the effects of tillage methods on soil water conservation, water availability, andwheat yields in a search for better farming systems in the areas. The NT and SS showed good effects on waterconservation. The soil water storage increased 12 - 33 mm with NT and 9 - 24 mm with SS at the end of sum-mer fallow periods. The soil evaporation with NT and SS decreased 7 - 8 mm and 34 - 36 mm during the fallowperiods of 1999 and 2001, respectively. Evapotranspiration (ET) with NT and SS increased about 47 mm dur-ing wheat growth periods of 2000 to 2001. Treatment RT and 2C had low water storage and high water lossesduring the fallow periods. The winter wheat yields with conservation tillage practices were improved in the 2ndyear, increased by 3, 5 and 8 % with RT, NT and SS, respectively, compared with CT. The highest wheatyields were obtained with subsoiling, and the maximum economic benefits from no-till. All conservation tillagepractices provided great benefits to saving energy and labors, reducing operation inputs, and increasing eco-nomic returns. No-till and subsoiling have shown promise in increasing water storage, reducing water loss, en-hancing water availability, and saving energy, as well as increasing wheat yield.     

拔节期深松对夏玉米干物质生产及光合作用的影响

以郑单958为试验材料,以拔节期深松和不深松为主因素、两种施氮模式为副因素,研究拔节期深松对夏玉米干物质生产及光合作用的影响.结果表明,拔节期深松与不深松相比,夏玉米株高、穗位高分别降低了17.3 cm、9.0 cm,茎粗减少了2.7 mm,展开叶片数少1片;延缓吐丝期前叶面积指数(LAI)的增加及吐丝期后LAI的下降;吐丝期穗位叶的气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率分别降低了38.0％、25.3％、42.5％、2.0％;开花期前生物量降低了1 519.5 kg/hm2,开花期后生物量下降了168.8 kg/hm2;穗部性状变差,穗粒数下降近100粒,经济系数下降7％,子粒产量减少1662.0 kg/hm2,拔节期不宜进行深松作业.两种施氮模式对夏玉米生长发育的影响差异不显著,耕作方式和施氮模式交互作用不明显.