山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解山西芝麻种质资源遗传多样性,本研究对189份山西芝麻种质资源的10个质量性状和8个数量性状进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果表明：189份山西芝麻种质资源的表型性状存在较大的遗传差异,质量性状以主茎茸毛量的遗传多样性指数最高,为1.15,以蒴果棱数的变异系数最高,为63.88%;数量性状以节间长度的遗传多样性指数最高,为2.09,以单株产量的变异系数最高,为47.66%;通过聚类分析,将189份山西芝麻种质资源分为4个类群,类群Ⅰ可作为选育八棱、高秆品种的亲本材料,类群Ⅱ为矮秆、短节间特异材料,类群Ⅲ为高产选育目标材料,综合性状较好,可直接作为优异亲本加以利用,类群Ⅳ包含一批单花、高产特异材料。     

芝麻黄化突变体YL1的叶片解剖学及光合特性

表型性状标记在作物遗传育种中具有重要的应用价值。在芝麻地方种质"庙前芝麻"中发现了能够稳定遗传的黄化突变体YL1,对该突变体的叶片解剖特征、光合特性及农艺性状的比较分析表明,突变体YL1黄化心叶和平展叶在各个发育时期的叶绿体结构均与同时期野生型存在明显差异,下表皮气孔保卫细胞数是正常叶的2倍左右。YL1的叶绿素a、总叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量均只有同时期正常含量的30%~40%,叶绿素b含量只有正常叶的20%;光合速率在初花期及以前均显著低于同期正常叶,但到终花期与正常叶相当;YL1的生育期和初花期显著推迟,株高和单株蒴果数明显降低,每蒴粒数和千粒重略微降低。显微观察表明,YL1的叶绿体形态结构发育不规则,基粒和基粒片层数目明显少于野生型,使得叶绿素含量过低,属于叶绿体发育异常导致的叶绿素缺少型突变体。     

Devastation of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) crops in different agroclimatic zones of India by genetically diverse subgroups of phytoplasma

The sesame crop is highly susceptible to infection by phytoplasmas, a class of cell wall-less plant pathogenic bacteria (Mollicutes), which is responsible for widespread loss of sesame crops in both North and South India in recent years. Therefore, characterizing the pathogen population is required before the control measures can be devised and implemented. With molecular tools based on nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, sequencing, restriction profiling, and phylogenetic analysis, phyllody-affected sesame plants collected from nine different states of India were found to be infected by phytoplasmas belonging to two 16Sr groups, namely 16SrI and II. Two subgroups of phytoplasma −16SrI-B and 16SrII-D— were prevalent in symptomatic sesame samples collected from North India, whereas phytoplasma of only the 16SrII group was found in South India. However, the latter samples were diverse, belonging to three different subgroups (16SrII-A, II-C, and II-D). In addition, yearly phyllody-affected sesame samples from Delhi for 4 consecutive years (2007–2010) showed variation in the infecting phytoplasma: the subgroup 16SrII-D was detected in samples collected in 2007, and 16SrI-B was predominantly found in the samples collected in the subsequent years. The study also provides molecular evidence for the association between 16SrI-B phytoplasma and different symptoms in sesame crops such as fasciation, little leaf, and stunting. This is the first study to report the association of the phytoplasma subgroups 16SrII-A and II-D with sesame crops in India. This study provides a baseline for designing specific detection and molecular analysis strategies for quarantine purposes. It also highlights the need for examining the dynamics of seasonal or location-specific variation in vector populations to determine the pattern of infection outbreaks.     

芝麻基因雄性不育系的研究

通过群体改良对芝麻雄性不育原始材料进行基因重组，产生了大量优秀变异。用系内连续姊妹交，回效等手段育在敢综合农艺性状良好，不育度为９９％以上，不育株率稳定在５０％左右可供可杂交种生产应用的ｍｓ８６－１不育系。形态学研究证明，所选不育系雄蕊败育彻 底，雌蕊发育正常，具有正常的结籽能力；小孢子败育发生在四分体后的无液泡小孢子期；雄性不育性具有良好的环境稳定性。根据初步的遗传分析推测，不育性可能不是受单隐     

芝麻杂种优势的生长解析

通过对芝麻杂种8809及其亲本(A和B)各器官干物质积累的系统观测,用微机模拟出各自的Logistic生长方程,以最终生长量、平均生长强度和最大生长强度对各器官的优势表现进行动态分析。结果表明,芝麻杂交种及亲本各器官的生长曲线均呈“S”型;除根茎外,杂交种各器官生长曲线拐点均介于两亲本之间,在最终生长量、平均生长强度和最大生长强度方面,杂种均比亲本表现出较强优势,而且杂种整株和营养器官的生长优势比其生殖生长优势更强。在出苗后53～64天之间,杂种生殖生长强度显著高于两亲本。     

芝麻新品种郑芝97C01综合表现及栽培技术研究

对郑芝97C01综合分析结果表明,郑芝97C01是一个高产、稳产、优质、多抗的芝麻新品种,一般生育期90d左右,单产1200kg/hm2以上,脂肪含量56.1%,蛋白质含量19.72%,茎点枯病病情指数2.16,枯萎病病情指数1.63,并提出相关的高产栽培技术。     

芝麻品种主成分分析和遗传距离测定及其在杂交育种中的应用

对３１个芝麻品种进行了主成分分析及遗传距离测定和聚类分析，结果表明，３１个品种可分为１４类，在类群间（Ｄ＾２≥１２．５０）组配组合是有效的，类群内组配不利于遗传多样性和优良变异材料的选育。地理远缘品种在遗传上不一定远缘，而近缘品种由于选择方向不同可能成为遗传远缘。     

浅析吉林省芝麻生产现状及发展对策

分析了吉林省芝麻生产的现状及优势,指出了芝麻生产中存在的主要问题,并对加强科技创新、重点解决关键技术难题、大力推广高产栽培技术、发展龙头企业、延长芝麻产业化链条等方面提出了发展对策。     

Effects of Day Length and Air Temperature on Stem Growth and Flowering in Sesame

Abstract

The effects of day length and air temperature on the growth and flowering of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were examined to analyze the effect of seeding date on the seed yield. Short day (10-h light/14-h darkness) treatment decreased the final stem-length relative to natural day length (14.1～13.4-h), although it hardly affected the length of the stem-elongation period. The short-day treatment shortened the duration to the first flower and lowered the first flowering-node. It prolonged the flowering period, but decreased the flowering-node number on the main stem resulting from the slower rate of increase in nodes with flowers. Under a low day/night temperature condition (23/18ºC), the stem growth was very slow and flowering did not occur. As compared with a high temperature (30/23ºC), a low temperature (22/15ºC) during 15 days after emergence suppressed the seedling growth temporarily, but the seedlings resumed growth after the temperature treatment. The growth and flowering behavior after the treatment were unaffected by a low temperature during the seedling stage. On the other hand, a low temperature during the flowering period decreased the flowering-node number resulting from the slower rate of increase in nodes with flowers, although it prolonged the flowering period. In this study, the decrease in the flowering-node number by short days and low temperature was smaller than that by delay of seeding date as observed in our previous study. Thus, the effects of day length and air temperature were not the sole factors responsible for the effect of seeding date on the flowering-node number.     

油食两用型芝麻新品种冀黑芝1号生长发育规律研究

以油食两用型芝麻新品种冀黑芝1号为试验材料，通过定株观测，分析其生长发育规律。结果表明：冀黑芝1号出苗后28～72d茎生长速度较快，其中，出苗后34～43d（即初花至盛花）茎日增长量最大（4．09cm），是整个生育期生长最快的阶段。从出苗至第1对真叶出现需要8d，之后叶片出现所需天数呈递减趋势，第10对真叶后1d分生1对真叶。叶面积系数变化趋势与茎生长规律一致，前期叶面积系数较小，盛花期达到最大（6．12），盛花期后又逐渐减小，成熟期叶面积系数维持在2．05，保留15对功能叶。始花后9d进入盛花期，日开花5．4—12．6朵／株，盛花期持续30d左右，该期开花量占总花量的84．8％，盛花后开花量迅速减少，日开花量维持在0．2～2．2朵／株。下部节位蕾从现蕾至开花需要6d，上部节位蕾需要3～4d。