黄瓜幼苗Rubisco与Rubisco活化酶对光强的响应

以津优3号幼苗为试材,研究弱光(LL:100 μmol· m-2·s-1)、亚弱光(SL:300 μmol·m-2·s-1)下黄瓜幼苗光合速率(Pn)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶(Rubisco)、Rubisco活化酶(RCA)活性及其基因表达量的变化.结果表明,11d弱光处理后,黄瓜幼苗叶片的Pn、Rubis...     

自然休眠期低温处理时间对生长期草莓叶片光合特性的影响

以草莓为料材,研究自然休眠期不同低温处理时间对其生长期叶片光合特性的影响.结果表明:在自然休眠过程中,随着低温处理时间延长,草莓新生叶叶面积、叶柄长度不断增加,而初生叶柄角度不断变小,完全通过休眠后,不再有显著变化.新生叶片的光合速率、气孔导度、叶绿素质量比和光合作用关键酶活性也随着低温处理时间延长而不断升高,当低温处理时间大于765 h后,不再有显著变化.自然休眠过程中,低温处理时间可通过调节气孔因素、叶绿素质量比和光合作用关键酶活性来调控生长期草莓叶片的光合作用,当完全通过休眠后,低温处理时间对草莓的生长发育和叶片的光合特性不再有显著影响.     

Quantifying key model parameters for wheat leaf gas exchange under different environmental conditions

The maximum carboxylation rate of Rubisco(V_(cmax)) and maximum rate of electron transport(J_(max)) for the biochemical photosynthetic model, and the slope(m) of the Ball-Berry stomatal conductance model influence gas exchange estimates between plants and the atmosphere. However, there is limited data on the variation of these three parameters for annual crops under different environmental conditions. Gas exchange measurements of light and CO_2 response curves on leaves of winter wheat and spring wheat were conducted during the wheat growing season under different environmental conditions. There were no significant differences for V_(cmax), J_(max) or m between the two wheat types. The seasonal variation of V_(cmax), J_(max) and m for spring wheat was not pronounced, except a rapid decrease for V_(cmax) and J_(max) at the end of growing season. V_(cmax) and J_(max) show no significant changes during soil drying until light saturated stomatal conductance(gssat) was smaller than 0.15 mol m~(–2) s~(–1). Meanwhile, there was a significant difference in m during two different water supply conditions separated by gssat at 0.15 mol m~(–2) s~(–1). Furthermore, the misestimation of V_(cmax) and J_(max) had great impacts on the net photosynthesis rate simulation, whereas, the underestimation of m resulted in underestimated stomatal conductance and transpiration rate and an overestimation of water use efficiency. Our work demonstrates that the impact of severe environmental conditions and specific growing stages on the variation of key model parameters should be taken into account for simulating gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Meanwhile, modification of m and V_(cmax)(and J_(max)) successively based on water stress severity might be adopted to simulate gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere under drought.     

Effects of temperature on growth and photosynthesis in the seedling stage of the sheath blight-resistant rice genotype 32R

The 32R rice genotype is resistant to sheath blight disease (ShB), with a high-yield potential. We examined effects of temperature on the plant responses of 32R in comparison with those of the ShB-susceptible rice genotype (29S) and Nipponbare (Nb, a Japonica standard cultivar). The seedlings at the 4th leaf stage of rice genotypes were exposed to 14/14, 19/14, 25/20, 31/26, 37/32 and 37/37 °C (day/night) for 5, 10 and 15 days. The dry weight, leaf area, photosynthesis, contents of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and chlorophyll contents were examined. The dry weight showed lower in 32R than in 29S and Nb at a low temperature, and total dry weight correlated strongly with root dry weight and leaf area. The relative growth rate (RGR) correlated strongly with the net assimilation rate (NAR). Rubisco, chlorophyll contents and the photosynthetic rates were limited at a low temperature and showed lower in 32R than in 29S and Nb. The strong correlations between Rubisco and the rates of maximum photosynthesis and initial slope were found in 32R, but not found in 29S and Nb. In addition, RGR and NAR of 32R correlated positively with Rubisco. These suggest that 32R contains traits of cold-sensitive genotypes that are related to limiting Rubisco at a low temperature, thus diminishing photosynthesis and limiting plant growth. Differences of growth among 32R, 29S and Nb were discussed in the relation of genotypes.     

Responses of leaf photosynthesis and plant growth to altered source–sink balance in a Japanese and a Dutch tomato cultivar

We investigated the effects of altered source/sink ratio by leaf or fruit pruning on leaf photosynthetic characteristics and whole-plant growth of ‘Momotaro York’, a Japanese cultivar, and ‘Dundee’, a Dutch cultivar and verified a hypothesis for sink-limitation of plant growth proposed by Tanaka and Fujita (1974). Plants were grown hydroponically with a high-wire system in a greenhouse for 11 weeks. Light-saturated photosynthesis of young, fully expanded leaves measured at atmospheric CO₂ partial pressure of 37 Pa and at an intercellular CO₂ partial pressure of 20 Pa was not influenced by alteration of source/sink ratio for either cultivar. Although soluble sugars were accumulated in leaves under high source/sink conditions, the amount of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, a rate-limiting factor for CO₂-limited photosynthesis, was not affected by the altered source–sink balance. Net assimilation rate of a whole plant increased with decreasing source/sink ratio, but this can be accounted for by the changes in light interception per unit leaf area, without taking the source–sink relationship into consideration. It was concluded that the altered source/sink ratio did not change leaf photosynthetic capacity and the sink-limitation hypothesis cannot be applied to either cultivar under the conditions of the present study.     

适度水分胁迫提高黄瓜幼苗光合作用弱光适应性

以黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)‘戴多星'品种为试材,在人工气候室内研究弱光(75～85μmol·m-2·s-1)下水分胁迫(40%基质最大持水量)对幼苗叶片光合、荧光特性及Rubisco含量的影响。结果表明,弱光逆境下,经20d水分胁迫后的幼苗较正常水分条件下叶片光合色素(以单位面积计)含量提高,叶绿素a/b(Chl.a/b)下降,植株光饱和光合速率Asat、表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化效率(CE)、RuBP最大再生速率及光饱和点(LSP)均显著增加,CO2补偿点(CCP)显著下降,并且光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ光化学量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学反应速率(Prate)、非环式电子传递速率(J)以及PSⅡ吸收光能向光化学反应分配比例P等叶绿素荧光参数呈增加趋势,PSⅠ和PSⅡ间激发能分配不平衡性(β/α–1)减小,叶片可溶性蛋白质含量和Rubisco大、小亚基含量上升,表明适度的水分胁迫有利于提高弱光下黄瓜幼苗的光合适应性;而正常光照下(500～600μmol·m-2·s-1)经水分胁迫后的黄瓜幼苗上述主要光合特性指标如Asat、RuBP最大再生速率、CE、ΦPSⅡ、Prate、J和P等有所下降,光系统间激发能分配不平衡性(β/α–1)增加,光合作用受到一定抑制。     

Chilling Stress Accelerates Degradation of Seed Storage Protein and Photosynthetic Protein during Cotton Seed Germination

Low temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting the productivity and geographical distribution of many important crops. To gain a better understanding of chilling stress responses in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L . ), we carried out a comparative proteomic analysis. Cotyledon proteins of 1-week-old cotton seedlings treated with or without chilling treatment at 4 °C were extracted, separated by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and compared. Among 1500 protein spots reproducibly detected on each gel, 25 protein spots were down-regulated and 29 were up-regulated. Seven cotton proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis as beta-globulin A precursor fragments. One was identified as a Rubisco large subunit fragment, providing evidence of both seed storage protein and photosynthetic protein destruction by chilling stress. The related physiological and biochemical analysis showed that there was a significant increase in endopeptidase activity and activated oxygen generation rate, and an obvious decrease in carboxylation efficiency and maximum net photosynthetic rate of cotton seedlings under chilling stress. Based on the above results, the degradation mechanisms of beta-globulin and Rubisco under chilling stress were discussed. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into chilling-stress responses in cotton and demonstrates the advantages of proteomic analysis.     

超高产水稻生育后期剑叶光合生理特性变化的研究

笔者研究了黑龙江省第一积温带5个产量不同的主栽品种生育后期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性变化规律。结果表明：超高产品种生育后期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性均高于常规品种，品种间差异显著。因此，将剑叶生育后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性的变化研究，作为寒地粳稻高光效育种和超高产育种中的一项措施是可行的。     

超高产水稻生育后期剑叶光合生理特性变化的研究

笔者研究了黑龙江省第一积温带5个产量不同的主栽品种生育后期剑叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性变化规律.结果表明:超高产品种生育后期的剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性均高于常规品种,品种间差异显著.因此,将剑叶生育后期叶绿素含量、净光合速率和RuBP羧化酶活性的变化研究,作为寒地粳稻高光效育种和超高产育种中的一项措施是可行的.     

小麦旗叶Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶与光合作用日变化的关系

Rubisco是植物光合作用中的关键酶,其体内活性由Rubisco活化酶调节.研究了小麦旗叶的光合速率与Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶之间的相关性.结果表明,小麦旗叶的光合速率和Rubisco初始活力、Rubisco活化酶活力都存在着明显的日变化;小麦旗叶的光合速率主要取决于Rubisco的初始活力,即Rubisco被Rubisco活化酶活化的程度,而与Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶本身的含量关系不大.