The application of proximal visible and near-infrared spectroscopy to estimate soil organic matter on the Triffa Plain of Morocco

Soil organic matter (SOM) is a fundamental soil constituent. The estimation of this parameter in the laboratory using the classical method is complex time-consuming and requires the use of chemical reagents. The objectives of this study were to assess the accuracy of two laboratory measurement setups of the VIS-NIR spectroscopy in estimating SOM content and determine the important spectral bands in the SOM estimation model. A total of 115 soil samples were collected from the non-root zone (0–20 cm) of soil in the study area of the Triffa Plain and then analysed for SOM in the laboratory by the Walkley–Black method. The reflectance spectra of soil samples were measured by two protocols, Contact Probe (CP) and Pistol Grip (PG)) of the ASD spectroradiometer (350–2500 nm) in the laboratory. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to develop the prediction models. The results of coefficient of determination (R²) and the root mean square error (RMSE) showed that the pistol grip offers reasonable accuracy with an R² = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.13 compared to the contact probe protocol with an R² = 0.85 and RMSE = 0.19. The near-Infrared range were more accurate than those in the visible range for predicting SOM using the both setups (CP and PG). The significant wavelengths contributing to the prediction of SOM for (PG) setup were at: 424, 597, 1432, 1484, 1830,1920, 2200, 2357 and 2430 nm, while were at 433, 587, 1380, 1431, 1929, 2200 and 2345 nm for (CP) setup.     

Continuous Monitoring of Visible and Near-Infrared Band Reflectance from a Rice Paddy for Determining Nitrogen Uptake Using Digital Cameras

Abstract

A two-band digital imaging system —one band for the visible red band (RED, 630?670 nm) and the other for the near infrared band (NIR, 820?900 nm)— was devised and positioned at a height of 12 m above a rice field of 300 m² in area during the 2007 growing season. The imaging system automatically logged bird’seye view images at 10-min intervals from 0800?1600 every day. Radiometric corrections for the pairs of two-band images were done using solar irradiance sensors and preceding calibrations to calculate daily band-reflectance and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values for 9 plots of rice plants, with 3 levels of planting density and basal fertilization. The daily- averaged reflectance values in the RED and the NIR bands showed different but smooth seasonal changing patterns according to the growth of plants. At the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages, the RED and NIR reflectance values had correlation coefficients (r) of 0.79 and 0.81 with above-ground nitrogen absorption per unit land area (NA, g m-²), respectively, whereas the NDVI using the two band reflectance values showed r-value of -0.13. An empirically derived equation for the NA using two band reflectance values showed r-value of 0.96 and a root mean square of error (RMSE) 0.5 g m^–2 (10% of the mean observed NA) in the estimation for the original (not validated) data set acquired at the maximum tiller number and the panicle formation stages. The results indicated that reflectance observation in the RED and NIR bands using the digital imaging system was potentially effective for assessing rice growth.     

新型酸性亮蓝染色剂对蚕丝的染色匀度试验(英文)

新型酸性亮蓝是目前纺织印染的流行染色剂。用不均匀性指数对染色匀度进行分级,研究了该染色剂不同色度对蚕丝染色匀度的影响。以该染色剂的14个色度对蚕丝进行染色,测定各色度染液处理蚕丝的反光值(用K/S值表示),结果发现该染色剂对蚕丝染色的不均匀性指数在所有色度水平下并不是恒定的,染色均匀性在染色剂色度为1.5%时开始出现,其后随着色度增加染色匀度也越来越好,到染色剂色度为4%时染色匀度最好,之后染色匀度又变差。     

Spectroscopic detection of forest diseases:a review (1970-2020)

Sustainable forest management is essential to confront the detrimental impacts of diseases on forest eco-systems.This review highlights the potential of vegetation spectroscopy in improving the feasibility of assessing forest disturbances induced by diseases in a timely and cost-effec-tive manner.The basic concepts of vegetation spectroscopy and its application in phytopathology are first outlined then the literature on the topic is discussed.Using several opti-cal sensors from leaf to landscape-level,a number of for-est diseases characterized by variable pathogenic processes have been detected,identified and quantified in many coun-try sites worldwide.Overall,these reviewed studies have pointed out the green and red regions of the visible spec-trum,the red-edge and the early near-infrared as the spectral regions most sensitive to the disease development as they are mostly related to chlorophyll changes and symptom develop-ment.Late disease conditions particularly affect the short-wave-infrared region,mostly related to water content.This review also highlights some major issues to be addressed such as the need to explore other major forest diseases and geographic areas,to further develop hyperspectral sensors for early detection and discrimination of forest disturbances,to improve devices for remote sensing,to implement long-term monitoring,and to advance algorithms for exploitation of spectral data.Achieving of these goals will enhance the capability of vegetation spectroscopy in early detection of forest stress and in managing forest diseases.     

土壤有机质与水分反射光谱响应特征综合作用模拟

土壤有机质与水分均对土壤反射光谱特征有显著的影响,但其作用机理难以定量描述。通过对黑龙江省典型黑土区土壤野外高光谱反射率的测定,研究了该区土壤的光谱反射特征;利用BP神经网络方法,以土壤有机质与水分数据作为输入层,以土壤光谱反射率一阶微分作为输出层,建立黑土有机质与水分的高光谱预测模型,并对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤表层0~20 cm含水量之间具有显著的相关性,相关系数为0.59;1570 nm波段处的一阶微分为输出层的模型精度最高,RMES达到0.017,平均绝对误差为0.014,平均相对误差为0.110;模型检验结果表明建立的BP神经网络模型具有良好的稳定性;土壤有机质、含水量对土壤光谱反射率的综合作用得到较准确的描述,可以用于野外土壤有机质与水分的速测。     

Transdermal behaviors comparisons among Evodia rutaecarpa extracts with different purity of evodiamine and rutaecarpine and the effect of topical formulation in vivo

Aim

Evodiamine (EVO) and rutaecapine (RUT), the major active components from Evodia rutaecarpa extract (EE), are recognized as a depended analgesic agent. This study was designed to investigate the effect of purity and chemical enhancers on the transdermal behavior of EVO and RUT, and the pharmacological effect of their topical cream in vivo.

Material and methods

Transdermal delivery across a full thickness pig abdominal skin was detected in vitro by Franz-type diffusion cell, with HPLC for quantification of the permeation of EVO and RUT. The activity of topical cream in vivo was evaluated by a mice pain model induced by formalin and hot plate.

Results

Transdermal characters of EVO and RUT showed a low transdermal rate, long lag time and low cumulative amount. The transdermal rate and cumulative amount could be promoted by lipophilic enhancers, whereas lag time was shortened by hydrophilic surfactant, but these permeation parameters were not markedly influenced by purity of EE (p > 0.05). The effect in vivo was confirmed by analgesic models in topical cream of EE, which produced a significant (p < 0.05) inhibitory effects on pain response in dose-dependent manner.

Conclusion

The purity of EVO and RUT from EE has no significant effect on their permeation through porcine skin, but oleic acid or nerolidol can markedly elevate the transdermal rate of EVO and RUT. High purity of EE is the best choice for topical preparation to increase the drug loading. The effect of EE in vivo is verified by formalin model and hot plate test.     

Assessing the effects of the clumping phenomenon on BRDF of a maize crop based on 3D numerical scenes using DART model

Inverting radiative transfer (R-T) models against remote sensing observations to retrieve key biogeophysical parameters such as leaf area index (LAI) is a common approach. Even if new inversion techniques allow the use of three-dimensional (3D) models for that purpose, one-dimensional (1D) models are still widely used because of their ease of implementation and computational efficiency. Nevertheless, they assume a random distribution of foliage elements whereas most canopies show a clumped organization. Due to that crude simplification in the representation of the canopy structure, sizeable discrepancies can occur between 1D simulations and real canopy reflectance, which may further lead to false LAI values. The present investigation aims to appraise to which extent the incorporation of a clumping index (noted λ) into 1D R-T model could improve the simulations of Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). Canopy BRDF is simulated here for three growth stages of a maize crop with the Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer (DART) model in the visible and near infrared spectral bands, for two contrasted soil types (dark and bright) and different levels of heterogeneity to represent the canopy structure. 3D numerical scenes are based on in-situ structural measurements and associated BRDF simulations are thus considered as references. 1D scenarios assume either that leaves are randomly distributed (λ = 1) or clumped (λ < 1). If BRDF simulations seem globally reliable under the assumption of a random distribution in near infrared, it can also lead to relative errors on the total BRDF up to 30% in the red spectral band. It comes out that the use of a clumping index in a 1D reflectance model generally improves BRDF simulations in the red considering a bright soil, which seems relatively independent of LAI. In the near infrared, best results are usually obtained with homogeneous canopies, except with the dark soil. Clearly, influent factors are mainly the LAI and the spectral contrast between soil and leaves.     

饲料中肉骨粉含量的近红外反射光谱检测方法

收集28份鸡饲料,31份猪饲料,25份牛饲料和肉骨粉7份,在饲料中掺入不同比例(0.5%～6.0%)的肉骨粉,制成分析样本.采用偏最小二乘(PLS)法,分别对光谱进行散射校正、平滑、一阶导数和二阶导数预处理,建立了鸡饲料、猪饲料和牛饲料中肉骨粉含量的近红外定量分析模型.利用验证集样本对定标模型进行了检验,鸡饲料、猪饲料和牛饲料中肉骨粉含量的真值与预测值之间的决定系数分别为0.9694、0.9846和0.9788;标准差分别为0.279、0.252和0.287;相对分析误差分别为5.663、6.865和5.889.结果表明,利用近红外光谱法测定饲料中的肉骨粉含量具有较高的预测精度.     

棉花叶面积指数冠层反射率光谱响应及其反演

【目的】研究棉花冠层光谱对不同叶面积指数（LAI）的响应，建立棉花LAI光谱反演模型。【方法】利用2003～2004年采集的棉花光谱与LAI的246组数据，分析LAI与冠层反射率光谱和反射率一阶微分光谱间的定量关系。【结果】当LAI大于2.5后不同LAI棉花群体光谱反射率在可见光波段趋于饱和；LAI与可见光波段和短波红外波段（水分吸收带除外）光谱反射率呈显著负相关，与近红外波段高光谱反射率呈显著正相关；LAI与棉花反射率一阶微分光谱主要在蓝边（523～531 nm）、黄边（570～576 nm）、红边（700～755 nm）形成3个相关系数高台区，均达极显著水平，其中红边区的相关性最高。棉花红边位置固定，分别在718 nm和723 nm，且以 723 nm处对LAI更敏感。在反演棉花LAI的高光谱参数中VI (660、800)、VI (550、800)、VI (500、800)、VI (670、800)、Sdy (570～573 nm)、SDr (714～755 nm)、D723、Dr 估算LAI相对误差低于30%，RSME小于0.6，其中VI (600、800)、VI(550、800)两个参数估算水平最高，相对误差分别为21.7%与21.0%，RMSE分别为0.416与0.419；利用SDr与SDr/SDb分别对LAI大于1.0 与小于1.0 的棉花群体反演，能显著提高LAI的估算水平。【结论】应用高光谱分析方法能够提取棉花冠层特征光谱信息，构建LAI高光谱反演参数，建立估算模型，并且利用包含不同光谱参数的分段模型可以进一步提高LAI反演精度。     

应用付里叶变换近红外漫反射光谱法测定谷子中的粗脂肪含量

本文介绍了我们用FTNIRDRS方法对谷物籽粒中蛋白质含量的定量分析的研究工作。预测(谷子、玉米、小麦)方程的相关系数R谷子为0.986,玉米为0.964,小麦为0.972,标准偏差SD,谷子为±0.325,玉米为±0.39,小麦为±0.45。