聚脲防渗材料在大海子水库放水涵洞工程中的应用

针对大海子水库放水涵洞闸门前承压段3道伸缩缝止水功能部分失效、伸缩缝漏水防渗处理等问题,采取聚合物砂浆封缝、灌注水溶性聚氨酯堵漏、手工聚脲材料护面防渗等处理,为聚脲防渗材料在水库放水涵洞工程中的应用提供借鉴和经验。     

Ecological and landscape effects on genetic distance in an assemblage of headwater fishes

Environmental divergence along hierarchically structured longitudinal gradients may constitute barriers to gene flow in river networks for headwater specialised species. While known, this phenomenon has not been well studied, especially with regard to degree of headwater specialisation. We examined six headwater species that differ in habitat specialisation to assess whether patterns of differentiation vary according to geographic or environmental distance. We also identified regional environmental or anthropogenically induced fragmentation effects by comparing within‐drainage patterns of genetic distance across replicate watersheds. We used a comparative modelling framework to determine whether isolation by distance or isolation by resistance of large river habitats was a better predictor of genetic distance across species. The influence of reservoir presence and regional network characteristics that may influence the hydrology and size of large river habitats were also assessed. Resistance effects from large rivers were closely related to headwater specialisation, with increased specialisation leading to increased resistance and loss of drainagewide population connectivity. These results affirm that dendritic networks naturally fragment headwater specialised species. Further isolation from anthropogenic fragmentation was detected in two of the six drainages, indicating interactions with system‐specific conditions. Landscape variables related to the hydrology of large rivers also affected genetic distance in predicted ways, supporting the importance of large rivers in genetically structuring headwater species in drainage networks.     

紫色土坡耕地埂坎水分衰减下土压力非线性分布

[目的]揭示紫色土坡耕地埂坎土压力分布特征及其影响因素,为三峡库区乃至长江上游地区的紫色土坡耕地埂坎优化设计、建设与维护提供科学依据。[方法]采用土槽模拟试验,向土槽注水至土壤基本饱和,使用静态应变仪分层采集土压力,采用烘干法测量各层土壤水分含量,分析土壤水分衰减过程中土压力变化特征。[结果]①土压力随着土层深度的增加呈非线性分布,表现为土压力先随着土层深度的增加而增大,在距离试验土槽底部0.375 H左右达到最大,然后又随着土层深度的增加而减小。②试验条件下,土壤水分饱和后随着时间的变化呈近似线性衰减,并对土压力产生了显著影响(p0.01),但不同土层间存在一定差异。③土层深度和土壤水分含量的交互效应对土压力的影响显著(p0.01)。[结论]三峡库区紫色土坡耕地埂坎土压力呈非线性分布,土层深度和土壤水分含量及其交互效应对埂坎土压力均存在显著影响。     

基于“3S”技术的辽宁省某尾矿库扩容工程生态影响预测与评价

以辽宁省某尾矿库为例,基于GIS技术,利用2010年的TM遥感影像及地形图,预测该尾矿库扩容后的生态影响。分析结果显示:尾矿库扩容工程对生态的影响主要体现在土地利用、植被、生态景观和地形地貌的变化4个方面。     

Conservation implications of establishment success of the Critically Endangered Twee River redfin ‘Pseudobarbus’ erubescens (Skelton, ) in an artificial impoundment in South Africa

1. This study reports the first known record of breeding of the Critically Endangered Twee River redfin ‘Pseudobarbus’ erubescens in an artificial impoundment. This followed an introduction of 48 individuals into a 10 ha impoundment within the species' native range more than a decade ago.
2. Sampling the impoundment using three fyke nets set overnight yielded 2838 P. erubescens, which included both juveniles and adults capable of spawning. Fork length measurements of a subsample of 250 individuals ranged from 29 to 125 mm with length cohorts indicating multiple spawning events.
3. This demonstrates that this species can successfully reproduce in lentic environments and suggests that artificial impoundments could be stocked to provide refugia for P. erubescens and other highly threatened small cyprinids while conservation strategies are developed to mitigate against habitat loss resulting from alien fish invasions, increased human use of water, and from climate change in rivers.

     

广州龙洞水库红锥林下药用植物资源调查

通过实地调查与植物鉴定，对广州市龙洞水库红锥（Castanopsis hystrix）人工林林下药用植物 资源进行统计分析。结果表明水库红锥人工林工区共有林下药用植物 102 种，隶属 52 科 86 属；其中林 下蕨类药用植物 7 科 7 属 7 种，林下双子叶药用植物 38 科 69 属 85 种，单子叶林下药用植物 7 科 10 属 10 种。建议选择适宜的人工林地，以耕代抚发展林下药用植物栽培；同时合理开发利用野生林下药用植 物资源，严禁掠夺式采摘；并且鼓励当地主管部门、经营主体或社会组织加大对周边群众及游客的宣传 教育，提高人们的环保意识，增强其可持续发展概念。     

青狮潭库区沉积物/稻田土壤中有机氯农药残留与释放规律

为了解青狮潭库区沉积物和土壤中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留及其释放特征,采用气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定了青狮潭库区水库沉积物、池塘沉积物、河流沉积物和稻田土壤中OCPs含量,并运用室内模拟装置探讨了沉积物和稻田土壤在静置和悬浮两种情景下OCPs的释放规律。结果表明:水库沉积物、池塘沉积物、河流沉积物和稻田土壤中总OCPs残留量分别为81.55、88.60、68.96 ng·g~(-1)和92.62 ng·g~(-1)(干质量)。HCHs和DDTs是两类残留量较高的OCPs,其含量分别达到23.26～39.89 ng·g~(-1)和12.22～17.20 ng·g~(-1)。上覆水为超纯水时,静置组与扰动组的底物中OCPs向上覆水释放表现出先快后慢的特征,且扰动组的底物中OCPs释放量明显多于静置组;其中HCHs和β-硫丹的释放量最高。OCPs的理化性质、底物组成特征和外力扰动使各种OCPs在上覆水中的检出率和检出浓度存在明显差异,其中稻田土壤中OCPs向上覆水释放量最高而河流沉积物中OCPs向上覆水释放量最低。十二烷基硫酸钠可使底物中的OCPs快速向上覆水中释放(尤其促进了DDTs的释放),在扰动和静置情形下,上覆水OCPs浓度最少可提升134.44%和118.41%。因此,外界扰动和十二烷基硫酸钠汇入均可促进底物中OCPs的溶出释放。     

考虑水文变异的水库生态流量研究

为探讨水文变异对生态流量影响,确定最佳水库生态流量推求方法,针对尼尔基水库生态问题,采用Mann-kendall突变检测法、滑动T检验法和有序聚类法,结合序号总和理论和Spearman相关系数计算对水文时间序列作综合识别,确定水库发生水文变异年份为1963年和1999年。利用NGPRP法和逐月频率年内展布计算法分别计算天然状态、次天然状态、现状和不考虑水文变异条件下最小生态流量和适宜生态流量。参考Tennant法评价结果表明水库生态系统退化主要受人类扰动影响,观察次天然状态和不考虑变异状态下生态径流过程,最小生态流量占多年平均流量百分数相差9.21%和1.70%,适宜生态流量相差3.04%和1.47%。研究应更多考虑次天然生态径流过程,其最小生态流量仅可作为生态流量下限。     

基于landsat卫星影像的水库水体总磷质量浓度反演研究

以清河水库为研究区域,利用Landsat8卫星OLI数据及实地观测数据,建立了适于清河水库水体总磷质量浓度的最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)遥感反演模型,并对清河水库总磷量进行了反演分析。结果表明,LS-SVM模型的平均相对误差为6.06%,相比于单波段线性回归反演模型及波段组合线性回归模型,平均误差分别降低了20.77%、12.53%,显著提高了清河水库水体总磷质量浓度反演的模型精度,达到遥感反演预测精度要求;利用LSSVM反演模型对清河水库总磷量反演显示,水体中总磷质量浓度主要集中在0.04~0.08 mg/L,水库水体总磷质量浓度总体偏高。     

试论集约化淡水渔业生产对水库水域的影响

集约化淡水渔业作为淡水渔业新的养殖方式,在给淡水养殖业带来一定利益的同时,也对水库水域有一定的影响。主要对集约化淡水渔业生产对水库水域的影响、减少集约化淡水渔业生产对水库水域影响策略两方面进行具体论述。