Aphanomyces astaci presence in Japan: a threat to the endemic and endangered crayfish species Cambaroides japonicus?

1. Spread of the crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci, by North American crayfish species is considered one of the main reasons for substantial declines and local extinctions of native European crayfish populations. Owing to human introductions, several American crayfish species have become established throughout the world, and thus pose a potential threat to indigenous crayfish populations susceptible to crayfish plague.
2. In Japan, two such widespread alien species, Procambarus clarkii and Pacifastacus leniusculus, were introduced for aquaculture purposes in the late 1920s and since then successfully expanded their ranges.
3. Aggressive interactions with alien crayfish along with habitat modifications have been considered primarily responsible for drastic declines in populations of the Japanese endemic crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus, observed in the last few decades. However, the presence of the crayfish plague pathogen, to which Japanese crayfish are susceptible, may be expected, and could contribute to these declines.
4. Only recently, A. astaci has been reported from Taiwan, and to our knowledge no study focusing on its presence outside of the Western Palearctic has been conducted.
5. To fill this gap, 54 P. clarkii and 47 P. leniusculus individuals from five different Japanese locations were screened using molecular methods recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. Aphanomyces astaci DNA was detected in all studied populations, altogether in 61% and 21% of examined individuals of P. clarkii and P. leniusculus, respectively.
6. The results provide the first evidence of A. astaci presence in Japan and highlight the threat of pathogen transmission to C. japonicus populations.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

克氏原螯虾形态与体重的通径分析

[目的]确定影响克氏原螯虾体重的主要形态性状,以期为克氏原螯虾的亲本选育、形态辅助育种提供理论基础。[方法]选取了350尾雌性克氏原螯虾和302尾雄性克氏原螯虾,分别测量其体重(Y)、全长(X1)、头胸甲长(X2)、头胸甲宽(X3)、腹节总长(X4)、第一腹节长(X5)和第一腹节宽(X6)。采用相关分析、多元回归分析和通径分析,以体重为因变量形态性状为自变量,计算了雌雄克氏原螯虾各性状间的相关系数,通径系数和决定系数。[结果]相关分析结果显示,雌雄克氏原螯虾各性状间相关性皆达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)；多元回归分析中,雌雄克氏原螯虾剔除了与体重性状不显著的形态性状,建立的多元回归方程分别为Y雌=－34.689+10.629X2+6.479X3+0.803X1,Y雄=－33.413+5.727X2+6.770X3+2.043X1+3.045X6 ；通径分析结果表明,头胸甲长在雌性克氏原螯虾中对体重的直接作用最大,其次是全长和头胸甲宽,全长和头胸甲宽通过头胸甲长对体重的间接作用较大。在雄性中,也是头胸甲长的直接作用最大,其次是全长和头胸甲宽以及第一腹节宽,第一腹节宽通过头胸甲长、宽和全长对体重的间接作用最大。[结论]以上结果可为克氏原螯虾的选育奠定基础。     

不同施肥模式下的稻-克氏原螯虾田块水体菌群初探

为研究不同施肥模式对稻田养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)田块水体细菌的影响,通过采用Illumina高通量测序技术针对施用化肥(CF)、有机肥(OF)和有机肥加腐熟鸡粪(OM)等3种施肥模式的水体细菌进行检测。高通量测序结果显示在3种不同施肥模式下的稻田中主要细菌门类均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。主要优势菌属为Sporichthyaceae hgcl_clade、Limnohabitans、Polynucleobacter、Alpinimonas、Comamonadacea和Hydrogenophaga。在3种模式中,施用有机肥的田块细菌丰度显著高于施用化肥和有机肥加腐熟鸡粪的田块,细菌物种多样性显著高于施用有机肥加腐熟鸡粪田块,与施用化肥田块差异不显著。结果表明在施用有机肥模式下,水体微生物具有更好的多样性,生态系统更加稳定。有机肥与腐熟鸡粪配施虽然会降低水体细菌的物种多样性,但是腐熟鸡粪与有机肥配施会大大降低蓝藻细菌的丰度。聚类分析结果显示有机肥组与有机肥加腐熟鸡粪组水体细菌群落相似度更高。对稻田水体细菌与水体理化因子关联分析发现,对水体细菌影响最主要的环境因子是溶氧、总氮、pH和总磷。研究结果为不同施肥处理对稻田水体生态环境的影响以及为稻田综合种养施肥模式优化提供理论依据。     

不同开口饵料对克氏原螯虾幼虾发育及消化酶活性的影响

实验采用丰年虫无节幼体、草鱼鱼糜、水蚯蚓、1号人工配合饲料和2号人工配合饲料为克氏原螯虾的开口饵料,观察幼虾存活率和生长情况。经过40d的培育,对幼虾的胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶的活力进行测定。结果表明：投喂丰年虫无节幼体的实验组幼虾存活率最高,为75,增重率和增长率也最大,分别为4746.00和171.00。幼虾的胃蛋白酶活性与投喂的饵料密切相关,投喂丰年虫无节幼体组幼虾的胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶活性分别为2.18U/mgprot和0.96U/mgprot,极显著高于投喂草鱼鱼糜实验组。实验的5种开口饵料中,丰年虫无节幼体是克氏原螯虾幼虾的最佳开口饵料。摄食丰年虫无节幼体可能提高了主要消化酶的活性,从而促进了克氏原螯虾幼体的生长。     

Cu~(2+)和Cd~(2+)对克氏原螯虾幼虾的毒性效应研究

采用静水法生物测试,研究了Cu2+和Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾(体重0.0142～0.0308g)的急性毒性作用。试验结果表明,克氏原螯虾对Cu2+、Cd2+均会产生较强的毒性效应,其对Cu2+、Cd2+的耐受性随接触时间延长而明显降低。Cu2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24h、48h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为30.854mg/L、10.595mg/L;Cd2+对克氏原螯虾幼虾24h、48h、72h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为5.315mg/L、1.371mg/L和0.414mg/L。Cu2+、Cd2+对其的安全浓度(SC)分别为0.375mg/L、0.027mg/L,为相应渔业水质标准的3.8倍和5.5倍,表明克氏原螯虾具有较强耐受Cu2+和Cd2+污染的能力。     

Protein lipid ratio for the growth and survival of juvenile crayfish Procambarus acanthophorus (Hobbs 1972) reared under controlled conditions

The influence of dietary protein/lipid levels on growth and survival in juvenile crayfish (Procambarus acanthophorus) was evaluated during a 12‐week nutritional trial. Twenty experimental diets were formulated containing different protein (200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 g kg^?1) and lipid (60, 80, 100 and 120 g kg^?1) levels. A bifactorial model (5 × 4) was used with three replicates and 15 crayfish (0.014±0.006 g) per replicate, in a recirculation system with 60–15 L rectangular tanks and a biological filter, the culture conditions were a photoperiod of 12:12 h L:D and temperature 24.7±1.0 °C. Total survival ranged from 66.6% to 86.6%, with no differences attributed to treatments. Dietary protein levels had a significant effect on growth gain and nutritional efficiency; in contrast, lipid levels had no effect on juvenile performance. The 250/120 (protein/lipid) treatment promoted the most efficient growth (final weight: 3.09 g, weight gain: 21 995%, specific growth rate: 3.35% day^?1); the less efficient growth was observed in juveniles fed with 400 g kg^?1 protein diets. The quadratic regression model indicated 279 g kg^?1 as the optimal protein level for crayfish growth, while levels between 211 and 232 g kg^?1 could minimize the feeding costs without affecting growth.     

养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、摄食和饵料利用影响

以体重(0.015±0.004)g克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)幼虾为研究对象,研究了50、100、300、600、900尾/m25种养殖密度对克氏原螯虾幼虾生长、摄食和饲料利用的影响,实验周期为30 d。结果显示:克氏原螯虾幼虾的体长、特定生长率、平均日增重、存活率和蜕壳率都随养殖密度的增大而减小,其中日增重由(0.007±0.002)g下降为(0.002±0.001)g,蜕壳率由(100±0.000)%下降为(37.222±3.928)%,降幅明显;体长、体重变动系数随养殖密度的增大而增大。每组个体的平均摄食量和摄食率均与养殖密度成反比。此结果表明养殖密度的增大总体来说不利于克氏原螯虾幼虾的生长和摄食。在饲料利用方面,饵料转化率在各养殖密度组之间无明显差异;蛋白质特定生长率、脂肪特定生长率和脂肪储积率随养殖密度增大呈减小趋势,蛋白质储积率呈增大趋势。     

Effects of density on growth and survival of juvenile Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), reared under laboratory conditions

The aim of this study was to quantify the importance of population density on the growth and survival of juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), and to understand the effects of density on both the period between moults and the increment per moult at high densities without food limitation. A laboratory experiment was performed to determine growth and survival of juvenile crayfish at five densities (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 crayfish m^?2). Density clearly affected crayfish growth. The impact of density on final weight was higher than on total length increase, growth rate and final length (FL) (by decreasing order of effect). When comparing minimum and maximum densities, we observed that FL suffered a 34% reduction. Number of moults, mean intermoult period (IP) and survival were not significantly affected by density. Our results indicated that the IP and the percentage of increment per moult are affected by the size of crayfish before moult and we provide equations for these relations. Our findings are relevant both for crayfish aquaculture management and for the management of wild or harvested rice‐field crayfish populations.     

雌性克氏原螯虾性腺发育及相关系数的周年动态研究

建立了克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)生殖群体的平均体长、体重、性腺重及肝脏重的周年统计值,并利用怀卵量、抱卵量、相对繁殖力等生态学参数建立性腺发育数学模型。结果显示:雌性螯虾初始怀卵和抱卵的理论体长分别为5.6 cm和5.8 cm,理论最大怀卵量和抱卵量分别为1963粒和1136粒;通过模拟Logistic曲线,得到怀卵量随体重增长的3个关键点即始盛期、高峰期和盛末期,分别为16.87 g、36.53 g和56.18 g;雌性克氏原螯虾理论最大相对繁殖力的体长为9.22 cm,最大值为19.78粒/g;其理论最大体长为15.01 cm且当体长小于3.43 cm时性腺尚未发育。另外,本研究还分析了克氏原螯虾产卵群体的性成熟时间与结构。