大豆新型营养因子亚精胺的研究进展

亚精胺是在大豆中发现的又一功能性营养因子,作为一种无毒的天然物质,可通过诱导自噬作用发挥抗衰老和延长寿命的功能,同时对神经变性还具有抗氧化和消炎作用。大豆种子中亚精胺含量水平较一般谷类、蔬菜、块根农作物等植物高,研究表明大豆食品中亚精胺含量更高,说明大豆品种亚精胺含量对大豆食品保健功能起着重要作用。本文从亚精胺的营养保健作用、亚精胺含量检测方法、亚精胺在植物抗逆中的生理作用和大豆及其制品中亚精胺的研究进展4个方面进行了综述,以期为高亚精胺含量大豆材料的筛选、开展大豆亚精胺基因挖掘、选育高亚精胺含量大豆品种及开发大豆保健食品提供参考。     

外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下大麦幼苗体内多胺和离子含量的影响

外源甜菜碱对200 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下大麦幼苗的伤害有显著的缓解效应，0.5～10.0 mmol/L的甜菜碱均可以有效抑制盐胁迫导致的叶片中MDA含量的上升，增加根系含水量与幼苗鲜重，降低植株体内Na+/K+比，尤以1 mmol/L甜菜碱的效应最明显。甜菜碱可以显著地提高盐胁迫下大麦幼苗根系多胺含量，促进叶片内腐胺与亚精胺向精胺的转化     

水稻籽粒中内源多胺及其与籽粒充实和粒重的关系

以８个水稻品种（含杂交稻组合）为材料，研究了籽粒发育期内源多胺的含量及其与籽粒充实和粒重的关系。结果表明：籽粒中Ｐｕｔ（腐胺）、Ｓｐｄ（亚精胺）和Ｓｐｍ（精胺）的含量，强势粒高于弱势糕卫粒充实好的品种（组合）高于籽粒充实差的品种（组合），尤以Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ更明显；籽闰中Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ的含量或浓度，以及Ｓｐｄ／Ｐｕｔ和Ｓｐｍ／Ｐｕｔ的比值与谷粒充实率和千粒軎于极显著正相关在花后３天喷施外源多胺（１ｍ     

棉花S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶基因(GhSAMDC2/3/4)的克隆及其诱导表达分析

利用电子克隆结合RT-PCR技术克隆获得陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase,SAMDC)基因家族3个基因,分别命名为Gh SAMDC2、Gh SAMDC3和GhSAMDC4。序列分析显示,该基因c DNA包含的upstream ORF(u ORF)和main ORF(m ORF)为植物SAMDC基因特征ORF,其中m ORF长度分别为1068 bp、1110 bp和1032 bp,分别编码355、369和343个氨基酸。聚类分析表明,Gh SAMDC2/3蛋白与可可树(Theobroma cacao)SAMDC聚为一类,且Gh SAMDC2与GhSAMDC3蛋白亲缘关系最近;Gh SAMDC4与拟南芥At SAMDC4聚为一类。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,Gh SAMDC2在茎中表达相对较高,随着纤维发育其表达量不断增加,在纤维发育后期其表达量达到最高;Gh SAMDC2/3/4在不同的胁迫条件下表现出不同的表达模式,Gh SAMDC2受低温和干旱胁迫诱导最强烈,Gh SAMDC3响应盐胁迫显著,Gh SAMDC4受ABA诱导强烈。上述结果为进一步研究棉花SAMDC基因功能奠定了一定基础。     

Influence of acid soil on nodule numbers in relation to polyamine and tannin concentrations in roots of Phaseolus vulgaris

The relationship between soil acidity and polyamine (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) concentrations in roots was evaluated and compared to (1) nodule numbers in common beans and (2) tannin concentrations in roots. Six Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars were grown in pots in a greenhouse in soil at pH 4.5 or 5.5 and inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli strains. At pH 4.5 nodule numbers were strongly reduced but polyamine concentrations were 50% higher than at pH 5.5. At both pH levels putrescine and spermidine were the dominant polyamines, while the concentration of spermine was less than half of the other two. There was also a cultivar effect on the polyamine concentration, but this was much less pronounced than the pH effect. By 22 days after planting the uninoculated control plants had about 13% lower levels of polyamines than the inoculated plants. The concentrations of putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were negatively correlated with nodule numbers, but positively correlated with the root tannin content. There were no significant correlations with either root or plant dry weight.     

甘薯抗疮痂病多胺与吲哚乙酸代谢的研究

研究不同抗性甘薯品种受疮痂病菌侵染前后多胺和吲哚乙酸代谢变化结果表明 ,感染疮痂病菌后抗病与感病品种甘薯叶片中吲哚乙酸含量和多胺氧化酶活性降低 ,多胺总量及腐胺含量增加 ,腐胺 / (精胺 亚精胺 )比值升高 ,感病品种变化幅度高于抗病品种。疮痂病菌侵入后感病品种甘薯叶片中绿原酸含量下降 ,吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性升高 ,而抗病品种则相反。     

多胺对玉米种子吸胀期间耐冷性和种子发芽能力的影响

以玉米耐寒自交系黄C和低温敏感自交系Mo17为材料, 研究了亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)引发对玉米种子吸胀中的耐冷性和种子发芽能力的影响。种子经0.25 mmol L^-1的Spd和Spm引发72 h后, 在5℃下低温吸胀不同时间(12、24、36和48 h)。结果表明, Spd和Spm引发提高了胁迫期间两自交系胚内过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性, 以及可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸(Pro)含量, 降低了胚渗出液的核苷酸含量, 同时显著提高发芽率, 并显著缩短平均发芽时间。低温吸胀48 h后, 与对照相比, Spd和Spm处理分别提高两自交系种子的平均发芽率18.5%和14.0%, 分别缩短平均发芽时间1.21 d和1.14 d。黄C在种子吸胀期间的耐冷性强于Mo17。总之, Spd和Spm处理能提高玉米种子吸胀期间的耐冷性, 提高低温胁迫下种子发芽能力。     

Polyamines enhance chilling tolerance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) through modulating antioxidative system

Cucumber chilling-resistant cultivar Changchun mici and -sensitive cultivar Beijing jietou were used in this study to investigate the effects of exogenous PAs on protection against chilling injury as well as on changes of physiological features, and the fluctuation of free PAs content in the leaves under chilling stress. Upon chilling treatment, free spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) were remarkably induced in the leaves of cv. Changchun mici 1 day after treatment. The induction of Put declined thereafter, whereas Spd and Spm levels increased steadily. In the leaves of cv. Beijing jietou, Put content was increased only at 1 day after chilling while Spd content decreased significantly upon chilling treatment. Chilling reduced soluble protein content, and decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxidase dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) only in Beijing jietou. However, these changes could be renovated by exogenous application of Put and Spd. It was also found that pretreatment with Put and Spd diminished the increased electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by chilling in the leaves of both cultivars. Pretreatment of methyglyoxal-bis-(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), the PAs biosynthetic inhibitor cancelled the effects of PAs in most of the treatments. Moreover, histochemical staining and quantitative measurements showed that exogenous application of Put and Spd eliminated but MGBG exaggerated the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation caused by chilling stress, especially in leaves of Beijing jietou. Interestingly, Changchun mici was found to contain higher endogenous free PAs contents compared to Beijing jietou. While no significant difference of SOD, POD and CAT activities was found between non-chilling Changchun mici and Beijing jietou seedlings, the former exhibited higher APX activity than the latter. These results suggest that PAs play important roles in the tolerance of cucumber against chilling stress, which is most likely achieved by acting as oxidative machinery against chilling injury.     

多胺与板栗花性别分化的关系

研究了板栗花性别分化期内源多胺含量变化以及外源多胺对板栗花性别分化的影响。结果表明,在板栗雄花分化期,抽生结果枝的芽内源腐胺和亚精胺含量高于抽生营养枝的芽;在板栗雌花分化期,抽生结果枝的芽和抽生营养枝的芽内源多胺含量变化基本一致,内源腐胺含量在萌芽前降至最低后到萌芽时升至较高水平,内源亚精胺和精胺含量在萌芽前均略有上升,到萌芽时迅速升至较高水平;在雄花分化期和雌花分化期,抽生结果枝的芽均以亚精胺含量变化幅度最大,腐胺次之,精胺最小。板栗雌花分化期施用外源多胺,外源腐胺对花芽分化(尤其是雌花分化)有显著抑制作用,亚精胺对雌花分化有促进作用。     

多胺与园艺植物生长发育的关系

就多胺对园艺植物的花芽分化、花粉形成、果实发育、根系形成及营养生长的作用进行了综合评述，并就多胺与植物衰老的关系进行了分析。