The role of models for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems for managing weeds

Weeds are both harmful for crop production and important for biodiversity, while herbicides can pollute the environment. We thus need new cropping systems optimising all cultural techniques, reconciling agricultural production, herbicide reduction and biodiversity conservation. Here, we show how to (i) develop models quantifying the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics, (ii) integrate interactions between weeds and other organisms, (iii) predict the impact on production and biodiversity and (iv) use the model for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems. Among the existing weed dynamics models, we chose the one closest to our requirements to illustrate these different steps, that is, FlorSys which predicts multispecific weed dynamics as a function of cultural techniques and pedoclimate. We have illustrated the development of interaction submodels with the example of a crop pathogen whose propagation is increased when infecting grass weeds. To evaluate the weed flora impact, predicted weed densities were translated into indicators of harmfulness (crop yield loss, technical harvest problems, harvest pollution, field infestation, crop disease increase) and biodiversity (weed species richness and equitability, trophic resources for birds, insects and pollinators). Simulations were run over several years and with different weather scenarios (i) to optimise cultural techniques to control harmful weeds, (ii) to analyse the impact of changing agricultural practices (e.g. simplified tillage and rotations, no‐till, temporary crops) on weed density, species and trait composition and (iii) to evaluate cropping systems for their ability to reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity, thus identifying levers for designing sustainable cropping systems.     

Optimization of Spray Drying Processing Technology of Mulberry Powder

With concentrated juice of mulberry as raw material, the influence of type and dosage of dry aid, the inlet air temperature, inlet flow rate, and rotating speed on spray drying was studied. The spray drying processing conditions of mulberry powder were optimized by the L9(34) orthogonal test on the basis of single factor experiment. The results showed that optimum technical parameters to produce mulberry powder were: β-cyclodextrin as dry aids with dosage of 30%, inlet air temperature of180 ℃, rotating speed of 18 000 r/min and inlet flow rate of 30 m L/min. The mulberry powder under this optimum process conditions had a loose structure and bright color, fruity flavor was rich, the anthocyanin content for 54.67 mg/g, moisture content for5.6% and sensory scores for 83.     

在高职院校新生中开展朋辈互助的探讨

朋辈互助是高职院校开展心理健康教育的新途径。高职院校新生入校的现状决定了有必要在新生中间开展朋辈互助，使他们能够尽快转变角色适应高职院校的学习生活。开展朋辈互助人员要从优秀的学生中培训选拔，真正成为老师的得力助手。     

Using indicators to assess the environmental impacts of wine growing activity: The INDIGO® method

Environmental assessment methods are needed by agronomists working on the enhancement of cropping systems to meet the demand for more sustainable farming practices. A growing number of operational methods based on a set of indicators have been designed, more for arable crops and livestock than for perennial crops like viticulture. Among them, the INDIGO^® method, originally developed for arable crops, offers a compromise between feasibility and predictive quality. Here we present a modified and expanded version of INDIGO^® for viticulture. The development of new indicators specific to viticulture and the adaptation of existing ones followed a five step approach: (i) preliminary definition of the objectives and identification of the end-users, (ii) construction of the indicator, (iii) selection of a reference value, (iv) sensitivity analysis and (v) validation. Stakeholders from professional institutions and winegrower organizations were closely associated with step (i) to define the framework and step (ii) to supply technical databases. We designed INDIGO^® indicators with all available scientific and expert knowledge which was aggregated into expert systems associating fuzzy subsets or, when possible, quantitative equations.Four indicators; pesticides, nitrogen, energy and soil organic matter, were directly adapted from the initial INDIGO^® method, whereas soil cover and frost protection management were new indicators. Potentialities of their use are highlighted by examples of implementation on different scales and for various purposes.     

农民工平等就业调研报告

【目的】为了消除农民工劳动就业领域的歧视现象,促进农民工平等就业并尽快融入城市,以期推动中国的城镇化建设。【方法】发放关于农民工平等就业以及就业歧视解决渠道等问题的调查问卷,并对一些企业、法律援助组织等单位进行实地考察。【结果】中国已在农民工平等就业方面取得了明显进步,但是在劳动就业领域农民工依然处于不利地位,面临着"社会保险及福利待遇偏低、间接歧视比较严重、缺乏参与企业民主管理的权利以及社会地位低下"等困境。农民工在劳动就业领域遭遇的各种不公平对待,已经成为农民工融入城市的阻碍,需要引起政府的高度重视。【结论】政府需要通过落实企业内部申诉机制、建立平等委员会、拓宽司法诉讼渠道、强化劳动监察等具体措施,为农民工平等就业提供更加便捷高效的法律救济机制。     

高等农业院校学费收缴工作的现状与对策

学费收缴工作关系着高等农业院校的持续健康发展，解决高等农业院校目前面临的学费收缴困难，需要建立健全收费管理制度，加强学校各部门的合作意识，建立一体化的学费管理体制，作好贫困生资助工作，加强学生思想品德教育，建立学生信用管理机制。     

试论城市边缘知识人的图书馆援助问题

随着“新二元社会结构”形态的日益明显和分化 ,城市中出现一种新的“边缘知识人”阶层。文章从城市边缘知识人的构成入手 ,在三个层面上分析了图书馆对他们的知识援助不力的因素 ,提出了图书馆实施知识援助的措施     

Achieving the Millennium Development Goals in the Asia‐Pacific region: The role of international assistance

Abstract: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are a set of international development targets agreed to by members of the United Nations in 2000. The goals aim to improve many of the dimensions of extreme poverty and are to be achieved by 2015. This paper provides an overview of the issues relevant to the achievement of the MDGs in the Asia‐Pacific region. The paper begins by discussing the critiques of the MDGs before assessing whether countries in the region are on track to achieve them. Issues relating to data availability and accuracy are discussed and the need to tailor the MDG targets to the special circumstances of some Asia‐Pacific countries is examined. The paper proceeds by discussing the role of international assistance via international foreign development aid and non‐governmental organisations in the achievement of the MDGs. The paper concludes with some policy implications for the international donor community.     

农业风险互助信息管理系统的设计

在试验的基础上,设计了农业风险互助信息系统。该系统分为网络数据库系统和用户管理系统两部分,其充分发挥了网络资源优势,实现数据的高速传递和实时更新。利用SQL Server数据库服务器引擎存放数据,用户可通过网络终端进行各种操作。有专门的数据库管理人员负责对数据库进行维护,具有较好的系统安全性。