Effects of mutations in Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits on sensitivity to insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Several strains of Drosophila melanogaster possess mutant alleles in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits, Dα1 and Dβ2 that confer resistance to neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and nitenpyram, and Dα6, that confers resistance to spinosyns. These mutant strains were bioassayed with a selected set of nAChR active insecticides including neonicotinoids, spinosad, and sulfoxaflor, a new sulfoximine insecticide. All of the neonicotinoids examined, except dinotefuran showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae of the Dα1 mutant, suggesting that this subunit may be important in the action of these insecticides. All of the neonicotinoids, including dinotefuran, showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae possessing the Dβ2 mutation. A similar pattern of broad neonicotinoid resistance to that of Dβ2 alone was also observed for larvae with both the mutations (Dα1 + Dβ2). The Dβ2 mutation exhibited a lower level of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor (<3-fold) than to any of the neonicotinoids (>13-fold). In contrast, there was no cross-resistance for any of the neonicotinoids or sulfoxaflor in adult flies with the Dα6 mutation, which confers high levels of resistance to spinosad. Thus in the D. melanogaster strains studied, target site resistance observed for the neonicotinoids and the spinosyns does not translate directly to resistance towards sulfoxaflor.     

分相萃取法纯化朝鲜蓟中洋蓟素的工艺研究

以朝鲜蓟提取物为原料、乙酸乙酯为萃取剂,考查萃取时间、分相时间、提取物质量浓度、相比、萃取温度、pH值等因素对萃取率的影响,并通过正交试验优化洋蓟素的最佳萃取参数。结果表明,朝鲜蓟中洋蓟素的最佳萃取参数为萃取时间30 min,分相时间80 min,提取物质量浓度10.0 g/L,相比1.25∶1,萃取温度35℃,pH值4.0,此时洋蓟素萃取率达到67.37%。     

超高效液相色谱法测定饲料中斑蝥黄和β-阿朴-8’-胡萝卜素酸乙酯含量方法的研究

为有效快速测定饲料中斑蝥黄和β-阿朴-8’-胡萝卜素酸乙酯含量,饲料经甲醇、正己烷和乙酸乙酯混合液萃取后,在氮气保护下浓缩,用甲基叔丁基醚-乙腈溶液复溶,注入超高效液相色谱仪中进行测定。结果表明:斑蝥黄浓度为1.25~10.0μg/mL,β-阿朴-8’-胡萝卜素酸乙酯为2.50~20.0μg/mL线性关系良好;斑蝥黄和β-阿朴-8’-胡萝卜素酸乙酯的检测限为0.06 mg/kg,定量限为0.20 mg/kg。斑蝥黄5个添加水平的平均回收率为72.8%~82.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.41%~1.06%;β-阿朴-8’-胡萝卜素酸乙酯5个添加水平的平均回收率为72.0%~82.8%,RSD为0.46%~1.41%。说明该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高、准确度好,适用于测定饲料中斑蝥黄和β-阿朴-8’-胡萝卜素酸乙酯含量。     

使君子化学成分研究

采用硅胶柱层析和Sephadex LH-20等色谱分离纯化技术,对使君子的化学成分进行了提纯,并采用波谱和理化分析方法对提取的化合物进行了结构鉴定。结果表明,从使君子中共分离得到12种化合物,其分别为单硬脂酸甘油脂(Ⅰ)、单棕榈酸甘油脂(Ⅱ)、赤桐甾醇(Ⅲ)、1-亚油酸-棕榈酸-甘油酯(Ⅳ)、豆甾醇(Ⅴ)、熊果甲酯(Ⅵ)、白桦脂酸(Ⅶ)、没食子酸乙酯(Ⅷ)、没食子酸(Ⅸ)、丁二酸(Ⅹ)、苯甲酸(Ⅺ)和蔗糖(Ⅻ)。其中化合物Ⅳ,Ⅴ,Ⅷ,Ⅺ为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

蜂胶抗炎功效成分研究

为确定中国杨属型蜂胶的抗炎功效成分,用100ng/ml脂多糖(LPS)和40μg/ml氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)分别诱导脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVECs)损伤。通过SRB法分别检测蜂胶水提物中分离的11种组分和蜂胶乙酸乙酯提取物中分离的8段组分对2种炎症细胞模型细胞存活率的影响。结果表明:蜂胶水提物中的11种组分不同程度的促进2种炎症细胞的细胞存活率,乙酸乙酯提取物中的8段组分也是不同程度的提高2种炎症细胞的细胞存活率。由此可知,蜂胶的抗炎功效成分十分复杂,很可能是多种成分协同功效的结果,而且酚酸类物质发挥了一定的作用。     

Induction of cell proliferation in the rat liver by the short-term administration of ethyl tertiary-butyl ether

In the present study, in continuation of our previous experiment in order to investigate the mode of action (MOA) of ethyl tertiary-butyl ether (ETBE) hepatotumorigenicity in rats, we aimed to examine alterations in cell proliferation, that are induced by short-term administration of ETBE. F344 rats were administered ETBE at doses of 0, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight twice a day by gavage for 3, 10, 17 and 28 days. It was found that the previously observed significant increase of P450 total content and hydroxyl radical levels after 7 days of ETBE administration, and 8-OHdG formation at day 14, accompanied by accumulation of CYP2B1/2B2, CYP3A1/3A2, CYP2C6, CYP2E1 and CYP1A1 and downregulation of DNA oxoguanine glycosylase 1, was preceded by induction of cell proliferation at day 3. Furthermore, we observed an increase in regenerative cell proliferation as a result of ETBE treatment at day 28, followed by induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by day 14. These results indicated that short-term administration of ETBE led to a significant early increase in cell proliferation activity associated with induction of oxidative stress, and to a regenerative cell proliferation as an adaptive response, which could contribute to the hepatotumorigenicity of ETBE in rats.     

甲酸乙酯熏蒸菜豆象的初步研究

本文利用广口瓶密闭熏蒸法,测定了不同浓度、时间和温度条件下甲酸乙酯对菜豆象的熏蒸效果。结果表明:选用浓度为45μL/L处理24 h或50μL/L处理12 h,均能使其成虫达到90%以上的死亡率,说明甲酸乙酯具有良好的速效性;菜豆象的熏蒸效果随熏蒸浓度的增加、温度的升高和时间的延长而逐渐增强;各虫态耐药性比较表明:甲酸乙酯浓度的高低对菜豆象各虫态耐药性影响较大,低浓度下卵的耐药性最差,而高浓度下成虫和卵的耐药性最差。     

机械力催化玉米秸秆醇解合成乙酰丙酸乙酯工艺研究

利用农作物秸秆醇解合成乙酰丙酸酯近年来受到广泛关注,但秸秆的难降解结构制约了秸秆的醇解利用。机械球磨是一种新兴的机械预处理方式,机械力作用可以有效破坏生物质致密结构,提高生物质化学反应性能。以玉米秸秆为对象,首先研究了球磨工艺对乙酰丙酸乙酯及其中间产物和副产物的影响,考察了催化剂类型、催化剂浸渍球磨、球磨时间、球磨介质填充率和球料体积比等因素;球磨显著提高了乙酰丙酸乙酯的产率。在相同H+浓度的条件下,催化剂酸性越强催化效果越好;球磨时间对乙酰丙酸乙酯的影响最大,介质填充率和球料体积比对乙酰丙酸乙酯产率的影响不显著;以乙酰丙酸乙酯产率为指标优化出的球磨工艺为:不添加催化剂球磨,球磨时间为60 min、介质填充率为35%、球料体积比为2。在此球磨条件下,乙酰丙酸乙酯的摩尔产率由20.08%提高到33.34%,基于纤维素的醇解产物总产率由73.18%提高到83.03%。     

水稻极度分蘖突变体的分离和遗传初步研究

通过EMS诱变处理栽培稻粳灿89(Oryza sative L.indica JX89）种子，从M2代植株中筛选得到一株突变体，其植株形态表现为叶细、色淡、植株矮化和极度分蘖。在将近一年的营养生长过程中，分蘖总数达到2000多个，命名为极度分蘖突变体（Excessive tillering mutant）ext37.ext 37自交所得M3和M4代植株表现同一表型。突变体自交及其与JX89和丰矮占5号（FAZ-5）发杂交F1、F2代结果表明该突变为显性遗传方式，可能涉及两对等位基因。为了观察突变基因对下游基因表达影响的程度，取生长期44天的亲本JX89和突变体ext37的节间分生组织提纯细胞总RNA，进行基因表达谱差异显示分析。结果表明突变体与亲本的基因表达模式有明显的差异，说明可能是处在上游调控基因的突变影响了下游许多基因的表达。目前有关分子生物学的进一步研究正在进行中。