正交设计优化青蒿SRAP-PCR反应体系及引物筛选

为了建立青蒿的SRAP最佳扩增体系,并筛选出SRAP多态性引物,本研究以青蒿叶片DNA为模板,采用正交试验设计,以Mg^2+、dNTP Mix、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物和DNA模板5种因素5个水平,对青蒿SRAP反应体系进行研究。结果表明,青蒿SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为:引物0.6μmol/L、Mg^2+2.0 mmol/L、模板DNA 5.1 ng、Taq DNA聚合酶2.0 U、dNTPs 0.25 mmol/L,总体积为25μL。各因素对扩增反应均有不同影响,其中引物浓度的影响最大,dNTPs的影响最小。运用该体系对不同种质资源的青蒿进行验证,证明该体系稳定可靠,并在30个引物组合中筛选出了25对扩增条带清晰,多态性丰富的引物组合。这一结论为今后利用SRAP标记技术进行青蒿分子遗传学研究提供了科学依据。     

养分管理对安溪茶园土壤肥力及茶叶品质的影响

安溪是铁观音的主产区,茶园养分管理滞后已成为该地区茶叶生产的瓶颈,本研究旨在为该地区茶园的养分管理提供科学依据。试验于2015年在安溪县采集了50个茶园的茶青与土壤样品,测定了土壤5项主要肥力指标和茶青中9种主要次生代谢物含量;并根据茶农氮肥用量调研数据,初步将茶园养分管理划分为:少量、中量和过度型等三种方式。限制性主坐标轴分析发现,此分类方式可解释34.4%(P0.001)茶园土壤肥力参数的总体差异,说明此分类方式能反映出不同茶园养分管理的总体水平;并且,养分管理对表层土壤有效磷的影响最为显著。进一步分析表明,养分管理对茶青综合品质的影响可解释品质总差异的7.48%(P0.001);大部分茶青次生代谢物在中量型管理下含量最高。说明养分管理影响安溪茶园土壤的肥力状况,施肥量过高或过低均不利于高品质茶叶的生产,该地区的建议施氮量约为200～400 kg·hm~(–2)·a~(–1)。     

Source of mycorrhizal inoculum influences growth of Faidherbia albida seedlings

Poor land use management and practice inhibit the growth and establishment of tree seedlings in dryland areas.We assessed arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AM)status of Faidherbia albida(Del.)A.Chev.trees grown on different land uses.We quantified the growth and nutrient uptake of F.albida seedlings inoculated with AM from different sources.These efforts were based on soil and fine root samples from the rhizosphere soils of F.albida trees.AM root colonization was determined using the gridline intersect method.Spores were extracted by the wet sieving and decanting method and identified to genus level.The seedling experiment had a completely randomized onefactorial design with four treatments and five replications.Faidherbida albida seedlings were grown in a greenhouse.All in situ F.albida trees were colonized by AM fungi.AM root colonization of F.albida trees was significantly higher(P<0.0086)in area exclosures than on lands used for grazing or cultivation.Spore abundance was significantly higher(P<0.0014)in area exclosures followed by cultivated land and grazing land.Glomus was the dominant genus in all land-uses.AM-inoculated F.albida seedlings grew better(P<0.05)than non-inoculated controls.Seedlings inoculated with AM from area exclosure had significantly(P<0.05)higher growth and nutrient uptake than those inoculated with AM from grazing and cultivated land.This emphasizes the importance of the native soil AM potential for better establishment of seedlings to achieve optimum plant growth improvement and assist in rehabilitation of degraded arid lands.     

水培营养液作为贮热介质的热传导规律分析

为掌握水培营养液的热传导变化规律,探讨叶菜生产系统营养液作为贮热介质的蓄热保温性能,在山西农业大学设施农业工程研究所叶菜生产系统中使用SH-16路温度巡检仪,测定多孔定植板条件下系统内不同深度(0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、15 cm)营养液的温度变化。试验结果表明:不同深度营养液温度变化显著不同,表层变幅最大,越往深层变幅越小;秋季营养液各深度最高温分别出现在14:00、16:00、17:40、20:00,并随着营养液深度的增加而快速降低。根据各深度日较差的变化幅度,将营养液划分为热交换层(3℃)、热缓冲层(1～3℃)和热稳定层(0～1℃),分别位于液面表层0～5 cm、5～10 cm和10～15 cm。叶菜生产系统营养液深度为21.5 cm时,不同层次日较差变化符合对数关系:y=-2.619lnx+4.215 2,即液面以下20 cm处日较差为0℃。上述结果表明能量在营养液中是逐层进行传导的。     

Physical forcing on fish abundance in the southern California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current system with strong biological productivity largely due to seasonal wind‐driven upwelling and transport of the California Current (CC). Two independent, yet complementary time series, CalCOFI ichthyoplankton surveys and sampling of southern California power plant cooling‐water intakes, have indicated that an assemblage of predominantly cool‐water affinity fishes spanning nearshore to oceanic environments in the southern CCS has declined dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s. We examined potential oceanographic drivers behind this decline both within and north of the CalCOFI survey area in order to capture upstream processes as well. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses using output from a data‐assimilative regional ocean model revealed significant relationships between the fish time series and spatial patterns of upwelling, upper ocean heat content and eddy kinetic energy in the CCS. Correlation and linear regression analyses indicated that the declining trend in fish abundance was correlated with a suite of factors: reduced offshore and increased inshore upwelling; a long term warming trend combined with more recent interannual variability in ocean temperature; weaker eddy kinetic energy north of Point Conception (35°N), potentially indicating reduced transport of the California Current (CC); increased influence of the California Undercurrent (CUC); and a decline in zooplankton displacement volume across the southern CCS. Understanding how changes in oceanography affect fish populations will offer insights into managing fisheries in a changing climate.     

庐山山地红壤养分状况研究

为了明确庐山土壤剖面养分状况及各营养元素之间的关系,在庐山红壤分布区挖取土壤剖面观察土壤分层与形态,分析A、B、C不同层次的有机质、氮磷钾及微量元素的含量。结果表明,红壤有机质、速效钾和有效铜含量的变化趋势大致相同,即随着土壤深度的增加而减少。其中,有机质和有效铜含量随土壤深度的增加而下降明显,有机质含量从15.68 g/kg下降至5.67 g/kg,降幅63.84%;有效铜含量从0.52 mg/kg下降至0.06 mg/kg,降幅88.46%。与之相反,有效硼的含量则随着土壤深度的增加而增加,且增幅明显。红壤全氮含量在A、B层之间差异不明显,而在C层中含量较上面2层少,且降幅明显;速效磷的含量则出现了"高—低—高"的分布情况。红壤有机质与有效硼、有效铜在各层次中的分布均呈现出线性关系,其中有机质与有效硼成负相关,与有效铜则成正相关。庐山山地红壤养分含量不足,盐基淋失、酸化现象较为明显,各养分含量之间关系密切,本研究为今后的红壤改良提供了参考。     

秸秆生物反应堆对设施土壤环境特性的影响

[目的]研究秸秆生物反应堆、秸秆生物反应堆与牛粪配套措施对土壤理化性质、微生物量、酶活性及作物产量的影响。[方法]试验以常规栽培为对照(CK),研究秸秆生物反应堆(BSBR)、秸秆生物反应堆+牛粪(BSBR+CM)对土壤理化性质和微生物的影响。[结果]与CK相比,秸秆生物反应堆能显著提高土壤含水率,有效降低土壤碱性和EC值,显著增加土壤有效氮、有效磷、有效钾含量,为微生物活动提供充足的氮源,促进微生物碳氮增加以及蔗糖酶与脲酶的活性,显著增加番茄产量,配施牛粪效果更明显;BSBR+CM处理显著提升了土壤有机质含量。[结论]综合考虑认为,内置式秸秆生物反应堆配施牛粪,可以调整合理的碳氮比,对温室土壤连作以及盐渍化具有一定的修复作用,起到增产的效果,是一种较为合理的农艺措施,建议推广应用。     

全豆豆浆与传统豆浆感官品质和营养成分对比

以大豆为原料,通过感官评定对胶体磨技术自制的全豆豆浆和一般机械磨加工的传统豆浆中的永和豆浆和普通豆浆的感官品质进行了比较,通过营养成分检测对全豆豆浆和永和豆浆的营养成分进行了比较,同时将检测的全豆豆浆营养成分与中国食物成分表中的普通豆浆的营养成分进行比较。结果表明:全豆豆浆口感浓厚,细腻爽滑,豆香味浓郁,无豆腥味,感官评价总得分高于传统豆浆中的永和豆浆和普通豆浆,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);全豆豆浆中蛋白质、脂肪、总膳食纤维、维生素B1、维生素B2、钙、磷脂及大豆异黄酮等营养成分含量均高于永和豆浆,更高于普通豆浆。全豆豆浆的普及不仅可以提高豆浆的营养价值,还可以减少资源的浪费,具有一定的社会和经济效益。     

边界线分析法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系产量的限制因子

本研究旨在分析小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系限制作物产量的关键因子,为该体系的优化提供科学依据。采用农户调研的方式,对河北省曲周县的小麦/西瓜/玉米间作模式展开调查,主要调研内容是小麦和玉米的播种量、养分投入量和产量以及西瓜的养分投入量和产量,应用边界线分析方法评价小麦/西瓜/玉米间作高产体系的限制因子。结果表明,限制小麦产量的关键因子为小麦播种量,贡献率达17.8%,而养分投入量的贡献率分别为:P₂O₅ 12.5%、K₂O 11.7%、N 8.0%。限制西瓜产量的关键因子为钾肥投入量,贡献率达15.8%,N、P₂O₅的贡献率分别为14.2%和11.8%。限制玉米产量的关键因子为氮肥投入量,贡献率达20.6%,其他因子的贡献率分别为:K₂O 14.2%,P₂O₅ 11.5%,播种密度9.2%。因此,在小麦/西瓜/玉米间作体系中,应适当调控小麦播量,优化西瓜的钾肥和玉米的氮肥投入量,促进该间作模式的产量优势。     

Nutrient Accumulation in Faba Bean Varieties

Increasing the amount of nutrients in plant-based foods will help to improve the nutritional status of people in the World. Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a staple food in developing countries has the potential to provide many nutrients in human diets. The objective of this study was to characterize the nutrient concentrations in leaf, pod, and seed of faba bean varieties. A field study was conducted with six faba bean varieties. Variation in the elemental concentrations of nutrients and protein occurred among varieties and different parts of the plants. The highest concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, or copper and protein were in the seeds. However, the highest accumulation of calcium, magnesium, iron, or manganese was in the leaves. We recommend that faba bean can be considered as a valuable crop in the diet of nutrient-deficient consumers due to high concentration nutrients in edible parts of the plant.