中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究。结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1~4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89~342mg/kg、24~89mg/kg和<24mg/kg,黄土高原区第1~6级指标依次为≥171mg/kg、96~171mg/kg、54~96mg/kg、30~54mg/kg、17~30mg/kg和<17mg/kg,西北荒漠绿洲区第1~4级指标依次为≥303mg/kg、140~303mg/kg、65~140mg/kg和<65mg/kg;当目标产量9~27t/hm²、钾肥利用率50%时,第1~6级土壤的推荐施钾量分别为0、54~162kg/hm²、108~324kg/hm²、162~486kg/hm²、216~648kg/hm²和270~810kg/hm²。     

文旅融合背景下西北地方文献建设研究

[目的/意义]地方文献是重要的文化资源,地方文献的收藏、整理、再造,是对历史文化的传承,也是推动地方文化建设、提升民众文化生活质量的必然要求。[方法/过程]概述上海图书馆“从武康路出发”的实践,总结地方文献资源和文旅融合的经验。对西北五省区省级公共图书馆地方文献资源数据库进行调查,分析文献收藏特点和不足之处。[结果/结论]根据调研结果从加强地方文献资源的收集整理、深入挖掘地方文献资源、加大地方文献资源的宣传力度、开展广泛的合作等方面提出建设思路。     

Diazotroph community structure and abundance in wheat–fallow and wheat–pea crop rotations

Biological input of nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere by free-living diazotrophs can help alleviate fertilizer use in agricultural systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of N fertilizer and winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) crop on the community structure and abundance of free-living diazotrophs in a two year study of dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) no-till production system in Eastern Oregon, USA. Based on quantification of the nifH gene, diazotroph abundance was strongly influenced by plant species and the crop year in which the soil samples were collected. A greater amount of nifH copies was recovered in 2012 compared to 2011 either as copies per gram soil or normalized to the abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The quantity of genes was greater under pea than wheat in 2012 although no difference was observed in the preceding year. The nifH gene abundance was positively correlated to ammonium concentration in 2011 and bacterial abundance in 2012. Nitrogen application did not influence diazotroph abundance in the top 0–5 cm; however the abundance was reduced by application at the lower 5–10 cm depth under wheat crop. The diazotroph community structure appeared to be influenced more by N fertilization rather than plant species with the exception of wheat in 2012. Changes in the community structure over the two years were greater for fertilized than unfertilized soil. Collectively, these data suggest that year-to-year variability had a greater influence on diazotroph communities rather than specific parameters of plant species, fertilization, total N, total organic C, or soil pH. Multi-year studies are necessary to define the specific drivers of diazotroph abundance, community structure and function.     

Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China

The increasing shortage in water resources is a key factor affecting sustainable socio-economic development in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC). Water shortages also affect the stability of the region's oasis ecosystem. This paper summarizes the hydrological processes and water cycle of inland river basins in the ARNC, focusing on the following aspects: the spatial-temporal features of water resources(including air water vapor resources, runoff, and glacial meltwater) and their driving forces; the characteristics of streamflow composition in the inland river basins; the characteristics and main controlling factors of baseflow in the inland rivers; and anticipated future changes in hydrological processes and water resources. The results indicate that:(1) although the runoff in most inland rivers in the ARNC showed a significant increasing trend, both the glaciated area and glacial ice reserves have been reduced in the mountains;(2) snow melt and glacier melt are extremely important hydrological processes in the ARNC, especially in the Kunlun and Tianshan mountains;(3) baseflow in the inland rivers of the ARNC is the result of climate change and human activities, with the main driving factors being the reduction in forest area and the over-exploitation and utilization of groundwater in the river basins; and(4) the contradictions among water resources, ecology and economy will further increase in the future. The findings of this study might also help strengthen the ecological, economic and social sustainable development in the study region.     

湘西北长果安息香种群数量与分布格局

对湖南石门壶瓶山景关门、桑植龙潭坪茅垭村样地的长果安息香(Changiostyrax raxdolichocarpa)种群数量和分布格局进行调查和分析。结果表明：长果安息香种群的年龄结构呈衰退型，个体数量主要集中在小树(IV龄段)，幼龄级株数和老龄级株数匮乏；长果安息香种群在进入生理死亡年龄前有2个死亡高峰，第1个峰值产生于幼树(II、III龄段)，主要原因是种内和种间竞争(主要是光照)，第2个峰值产生于中树长成大树阶段(V、VI龄段)，除种内、种间对环境的竞争外，生长地土层浅薄、大树倒伏及人为砍伐亦加剧了该峰值的产生；种群整体呈聚集分布类型，小树向中树、大树变化过程表现出聚集分布向随机分布转变，导致长果安息香濒危的主要原因是种子萌发率极低、种群竞争能力较差以及人为干扰等。     

冀西北寒旱区砂质栗钙土水分入渗和径流特征研究

针对冀西北高原寒旱区农业生产的水分限制特征,研究区域降水、入渗及径流特征。结果表明,冀西北寒旱区2°～6°常见坡耕地平均径流系数达6.16%,表明区域农田在通常年景下均有产流,构成滩梁地貌之间水土空间分异的基础。坡耕地产流为降水汇集与回归补充地下水资源奠定物质基础。这一结果对指导区域降水资源化生产具有重要意义。     

西北地区猪产业化发展规划与经营模式思考

养猪产业是畜牧经济中的一项具有发展优势和潜力的产业。由于我国发达地区劳动力成本的不断增加,使得养殖业出现了向中西部转移的趋势,这就为西北地区发展养猪业提供了良好的机遇。分析了西北地区养猪业的发展现状,并对西北地区猪产业化发展规划及经营模式进行了初步探讨。     

桂西北岩溶地区11种桑科植物生理生化特性比较

为筛选适合岩溶地区经济开发和植被恢复的优良物种,采集了构树、大叶榕、小叶榕、无花果等11种桂西北岩溶地区常见桑科植物的叶片,测定其叶绿素、可溶性总糖、脯氨酸含量等13个生理生化指标,并用数理统计方法对有关数据进行处理分析。结果表明:不同桑科植物的生理生化特性有明显差异,桑科植物对岩溶环境具有复杂的适应机制和不同的生存策略,对岩溶环境具有良好的适应性。适合石山植被恢复的优良树种为构树、大叶榕、小叶榕、柘树和薜荔等;适合作为野果资源开发的树种为黄毛榕和青果榕;适合作为经济作物进行规模化经营的树种为无花果和桑树。     

西北地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算及分布特征

利用西北地区1960~2009年25个日射站观测资料和163个常规气象站日照百分率资料,建立用日照百分率拟合太阳总辐射的估算式,对西北地区太阳总辐射量进行拟合计算,并探讨其空间分布规律。结果表明,西北地区1960~2009年太阳总辐射年总量整体呈中间高、两边低的空间分布特征。高值区位于青海柴达木盆地地区以及新疆东部和甘肃西部的青、新、甘三省交界地区,最大值在青海格尔木。2个低值区分别位于陕西和甘肃南部的秦岭以南地区以及新疆天山地区,最小值在陕西安康。从各月的空间分布情况看,各月西北地区中部的高值区和西部的低值区位置有较大变化,特别是中部的高值区具有明显的北移南撤的变化特征;东部的低值区位置无明显变化。     

气候变化对西北地区水资源的影响及对策

[目的]研究气候变化对西北地区水资源的影响及对策。[方法]分析了气候变化对西北地区水资源的影响,并结合该地区对水的需求情况分析,提出了相应的对策措施。[结果]气候变化对西北地区水资源的影响虽有明显的地区差异,但总体来讲正面影响大于负面影响;而该地区的需水情况因为近年来人文因素的破坏较大,气候变化对水资源的正面效果仍不能使该地区摆脱需水紧张的情况。针对这种情况,应该继续时刻关注气候变化对该地区水资源的影响,提高人民节水意识,逐步开展水利工程,运用适宜的农业技术,建立更健全的法律法规制度,加快西北生态环境的改善,促进西部大开发。[结论]该研究为西北生态环境建设和经济社会发展提供科学依据。