Digestibility of the defatted microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar

The aim of the study was to investigate the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of defatted biomass derived from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp. and Desmodesmus sp. when fed to Atlantic salmon postsmolts in seawater. Two experiments, one employing cold‐pelleted and the other employing extruded pellets, were carried out to determine the ADC of dry matter (DM), protein, ash and energy. The test feeds consisted of a fishmeal‐based reference feed and the algal biomass, at a ratio of 70:30, and yttrium oxide as the inert marker. The ADC of DM and protein in fish fed microalgae‐incorporated cold‐pelleted feeds were significantly higher for Nannochloropsis sp. compared with Desmodesmus sp. The Nannochloropsis sp. inclusion in extruded feeds also led to higher ADCs of DM and energy compared with Desmodesmus sp. The extrusion processing significantly increased the ADC of ash in both defatted microalgae biomass, as well as ADCs of DM in Nannochloropsis and protein in Desmodesmus sp. In conclusion, the microalga Nannochloropsis sp. was more digestible than Desmodesmus sp., and extrusion processing can be used as a means to improve digestibility of certain nutrients.     

Overall development of a bioprocess for the outdoor production of Nannochloropsis gaditana for aquaculture

In this paper, a systematic methodology is shown for the scaling‐up of Nannochloropsis gaditana production for aquaculture uses. First, an adequate culture medium was developed, prepared using fertilizers instead of pure chemicals. Subsequently, the performance of N. gaditana was modelled as a function of average irradiance; this model being validated in continuous culture experiments. The model was used to determine the optimal dilution rate as well as the expected biomass concentration and productivity at optimal conditions. Finally, outdoor experiments were performed to confirm the model's validity and to determine optimal conditions at real production step. Biomass productivity values of up to 0.08 g L^?1 day^?1 were obtained at an optimal dilution rate of 0.25 per day in 0.2 m wide flat‐panel reactors using culture medium containing 0.4 g/L NO^?₃ and 0.034 g/L·PO₄^?3. Fish trials with Atlantic Salmon demonstrated that the inclusion of produced biomass into fed increase the final weight up to 5%, thus confirming the adequacy of the biomass produced for aquaculture uses. The growth model and the scaling‐up strategy proposed here are necessary to develop real industrial‐scale processes capable of supplying microalgal biomass to the aquaculture markets, which in turn require a guaranteed supply and quality of the raw materials provided.     

柳筒天牛幼虫为害特性与空间格局研究

柳筒天牛是为害沙柳根茎部的一种钻蛀性害虫,严重影响沙柳的生长。本文应用地统计学的方法分析了柳筒天牛幼虫的为害特性和空间格局。通过调查分析可知:柳筒天牛幼虫在单一蛀道内为害沙柳,其为害主要集中在沙柳基部,蛀道分布在地面以上10cm处至地面以下5cm处。柳筒天牛幼虫主要为害地径0.7~1.0cm的沙柳,且多分布在沙丘底部和迎风沙丘。分析沙丘顶部和沙丘底部2块样地柳筒天牛幼虫的数量可知,柳筒天牛在沙丘底部为害率要高于沙丘顶部,幼虫虫口密度分别达到(2.53±0.27)头/丛和(1.84±0.20)头/丛,且差异显著。柳筒天牛幼虫在沙丘顶部呈现聚集分布,在沙丘底部呈现随机分布。不同立地条件下的空间分布类型差异较为明显,但在两块样地内都呈现在某一特定区域内呈现大量聚集的现象。     

L-肉碱对眼点拟微绿球藻种群增长及生化组成的影响

【目的】探究L-肉碱对眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)种群增长及生化组成的影响,为L-肉碱对眼点拟微绿球藻营养调控作用和调控机理研究提供参考。【方法】分别采用不同质量浓度(0(对照组),5,50,100 mg/L)的L-肉碱强化培养眼点拟微绿球藻6 d,每组3个重复。每天检测眼点拟微绿球的种群密度,试验结束时收集样品并检测眼点拟微绿球的生化组成。【结果】5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球的种群密度显著高于其他组(P0.05)。5和50 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻总糖含量无显著差异,但均显著高于对照组(P0.05),而显著低于100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的总脂含量显著低于其他3组(P0.05),而其他3组间无显著差异,但以100 mg/L L-肉碱组最高。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的可溶性蛋白含量最高,显著高于其他3组(P0.05)。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的叶绿素a含量最高,虽与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但均显著高于50和100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05),而50 mg/L L-肉碱组显著高于100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5和50 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑SFA含量显著低于对照组和100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑MUFA含量显著高于其他3组(P0.05),其他3组间无显著差异(P0.05)。5和50 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑PUFA、∑EPA+DHA和∑n-3含量均显著高于对照组和100 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。5和100 mg/L L-肉碱组眼点拟微绿球藻的∑n-6含量显著低于对照组和50 mg/L L-肉碱组(P0.05)。【结论】在本试验条件下,添加5 mg/L L-肉碱能显著促进眼点拟微绿球藻的种群增长,提高其可溶性蛋白和总糖含量,并能显著改善其脂肪酸组成。     

High-EPA Biomass from Nannochloropsis salina Cultivated in a Flat-Panel Photo-Bioreactor on a Process Water-Enriched Growth Medium

Nannochloropsis salina was grown on a mixture of standard growth media and pre-gasified industrial process water representing effluent from a local biogas plant. The study aimed to investigate the effects of enriched growth media and cultivation time on nutritional composition of Nannochloropsis salina biomass, with a focus on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Variations in fatty acid composition, lipids, protein, amino acids, tocopherols and pigments were studied and results compared to algae cultivated on F/2 media as reference. Mixed growth media and process water enhanced the nutritional quality of Nannochloropsis salina in laboratory scale when compared to algae cultivated in standard F/2 medium. Data from laboratory scale translated to the large scale using a 4000 L flat panel photo-bioreactor system. The algae growth rate in winter conditions in Denmark was slow, but results revealed that large-scale cultivation of Nannochloropsis salina at these conditions could improve the nutritional properties such as EPA, tocopherol, protein and carotenoids compared to laboratory-scale cultivated microalgae. EPA reached 44.2% ± 2.30% of total fatty acids, and α-tocopherol reached 431 ± 28 µg/g of biomass dry weight after 21 days of cultivation. Variations in chemical compositions of Nannochloropsis salina were studied during the course of cultivation. Nannochloropsis salina can be presented as a good candidate for winter time cultivation in Denmark. The resulting biomass is a rich source of EPA and also a good source of protein (amino acids), tocopherols and carotenoids for potential use in aquaculture feed industry.     

7种试剂对3种饵料微藻絮凝效应的研究

[目的]探讨絮凝剂对牟氏角毛藻、微绿球藻、湛江等鞭金藻3种海洋饵料微藻的絮凝效应。[方法]采用5种无机试剂和2种有机试剂分别以6种不同的浓度处理藻液,连续4h跟踪测定藻细胞的沉淀情况。[结果]5种无机试剂对3种海洋饵料微藻均有一定的絮凝作用,而2种有机试剂的絮凝效果均不明显。硫酸锌和硫酸铝对牟氏角毛藻的絮凝效果明显;明矾、硫酸锌和聚合氯化铝对微绿球藻的絮凝效果明显;硫酸铝对湛江等鞭金藻的絮凝效果较明显。[结论]为生产性海洋饵料微藻的采收提供理论依据。     

微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata) 培养基的优化

【目的】微绿球藻 (Nannochloropsis oculata) 是一种优良的单细胞饵料微藻，广泛应用于水产养殖。 优化微绿球藻培养基，以期提高其生长速率，降低生产成本。【方法】以宁波大学 3# 配方为基础微藻培养液， 以乙酸钠为碳源，硝酸钾、尿素和氯化铵为氮源，磷酸二氢钾和磷酸二氢钠为磷源，硫酸亚铁和柠檬酸铁为铁源， 通过单因子和正交试验，研究了碳、氮、磷、铁、维生素 B1 （VB1）和 B12（VB12）等主要营养元素对微绿球藻生长、 繁殖的影响。【结果】获得了以天然海水为基础的微绿球藻优化培养基：3 g/L CHCOONa、20 mg/L NH4CL-N、 2 mg/L KH2PO4-P、3 mg/L FeSO4-Fe、0.05 mg/L VB1 和 0.005mg/L VB12；采用优化培养基与宁波大学 3# 培养基对 比培养微绿球藻，结果表明 , 培养 2 ～ 6 d，优化培养基收获微绿球藻的生物量 ( 细胞密度 ) 比宁波大学 3# 培养 基的分别提高了 2.21、2.55、2.30、1.97、1.7 倍；培养 6 d，优化培养基中微绿球藻收获的生物量 ( 细胞密度 ) 达 到 1.74×107 个 /mL, 是宁波大学 3# 培养基的 1.7 倍。【结论】优化培养基极显著地提高了微绿球藻的生物量， 是微绿球藻的良好培养基。     

氮源及浓度对微绿球藻营养价值的影响

以硝酸钠和脲为氮源，分别以1倍及2倍的F／2配方中的氮浓度培养微绿球藻并在培养5d后采收进行营养分析。结果表明：2倍氮浓度组的微绿球藻粗蛋白含量显著高于1倍氮浓度组，相同氮浓度下硝酸钠组比脲组的粗蛋白含量高。氮源及浓度对总脂含量的影响正好与对粗蛋白的影响相反。2倍氮浓度组的微绿球藻氨基酸含量明显高于1倍氮浓度组，相同氮浓度下氮源对氨基酸含量无明显影响。氮源及浓度对微绿球藻脂肪酸中EPA、总饱和脂肪酸、总多不饱和脂肪酸均有极显著影响，氮源相同时高氮浓度组微绿球藻的EPA、∑PUFA含量极显著高于低氮浓度组，相同氮浓度下硝酸钠组极显著高于脲组。     

不同营养盐浓度下微绿球藻的生长及水体中氮磷的变化

在单胞藻培养池中 ,以f/ 2为基本培养配方 (其主要成分为NaNO3 74.8mg ,NaH2 PO4 4.4mg ,FeC6H5O7·5H2 O 3.9mg) ,在经消毒的天然河口水中 ,分别添加 1倍、2倍、3倍浓度f/ 2配方的营养盐培养微绿球藻。结果表明 ,添加 2倍营养盐浓度组 ,微绿球藻的生长最快 ,其相对生长常数显著大于添加 1倍营养盐浓度组。在培养过程中 ,水体中NO-3 N、NH+ 4 N、总氮及PO3 -4 P含量下降 ,而NO-2 N含量在培养过程中先降后升。在高浓度营养盐条件下 ,生产单位产量的微绿球藻需要消耗更多的氮肥。