钢筋砼水池软弱地基处理的设计及应用

通过对大型人饮水源工程1500m3水池软弱地基进行换填处理设计,计算换填垫层在不同工况下,砼水池在软弱地基上的承载力和变形。优化必选最佳的组合参数,再强夯处理,结合地基处理技术规范,提出解决中小型砼水池软弱地基的处理方法；结果表明,换填结合强夯法处理软弱地基经济效益良好,满足工程质量和地基承载力要求。      

浙江省稻田系统秸秆还田问题及对策

秸秆还田是实施肥药减施及有机养分替代的主要技术。稻-麦轮作是浙江北部和中部稻区的主要栽培模式,稻-油和稻-稻模式则主要分布在浙江中部和南部稻区。调查表明,浙江稻区不同栽培模式的秸秆还田与耕作方式主要有:双季稻田秸秆翻耕还田,稻-麦(油)轮作水稻秸秆覆盖还田,以及稻-麦(油)轮作水稻季的4种秸秆还田耕作方式——麦(油)秸秆覆盖还田免耕水稻直播方式、麦(油)秸秆还田浅耕水稻直播方式、麦(油)秸秆还田深耕水稻插秧方式、麦(油)秸秆还田深耕水稻直播方式。不同耕作及还田方式各有利弊,但同时存在秸秆量大、还田困难,肥料配施没有定量计算方法,病虫害加剧,土壤水分需要科学管理,农机需要合理选择与操作等问题。通过调查研究,参考已有的研究技术资料,针对秸秆还田存在的问题进行分析与总结,提出以下对策。1)采取方式轮换措施调和不同耕作类型及不同秸秆还田方式产生的不足。2)中等肥力农田以单季秸秆还田量5~6 t·hm^-2、全年秸秆还田量10~12 t·hm^-2比较适宜,超过的秸秆量建议通过综合利用方式加以解决。3)肥料配施采取以氮肥全季调施、前期适当增施,钾肥适当减施为主的秸秆还田施肥策略。4)病虫害防治采取提前翻耕、秸秆深埋、淹水闷田的措施。5)水分管理以易于机械耕作和秸秆还田后保持土壤湿度促进秸秆腐解为原则,晚稻提倡干湿交替的灌溉管理方式。6)机械类型应选择带有秸秆切碎装置的收割机,耕作机械要保证翻埋深度,以实现稳定与均匀的还田作业。     

上海市农民宅基地置换思考与探索——以奉贤区四团镇为例

通过对上海市奉贤区四团镇农民宅基地置换案例的剖析,指出了安置方式单一、宅基地置换资金收支不平衡、置换后农民权益保障不足等问题,给出了探寻多元化安置方式、搭建资金平台、完善后续保障体系等有效的解决方法及途径。     

Replacement of fish oil in plant‐based diets for Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,by stearine fish oil and palm oil

Stearine fish oil (SFO) and palm oil (PO) have emerged as promising alternatives for the replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. This study evaluated the replacement of FO with alternative oils in practical diets for Litopenaeus vannamei. In a clear brackish water study (14.1 g/L) utilizing shrimp (0.29 ± 0.02 g, initial weight), FO was replaced by SFO at inclusion ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 (FO:SFO) and PO as 90% of FO. After 55 days, no significant differences (p < 0.05) in final weight, growth, or survival of shrimp were observed. A second trial (8 weeks) in low‐salinity water (2.1 g/L) with shrimp (0.92 ± 0.02 g, initial weight) evaluated diets with 100% FO, 100% SFO, 90% PO, 90% soybean oil (SO), or 90% flaxseed oil (FXO) as a replacement for FO and four commercially produced diets with 2% of FO, SO, PO, or FXO. One treatment received half rations of the commercial FO diet, and one treatment was based entirely on natural productivity. Results show that the fatty acid profiles of the tail muscle conformed to the lipids of the feed, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) were preserved. Following 8 weeks of culture, there were no significant differences in production performance.     

品种演替和土壤肥力对小麦产量和磷生理效率的影响

以25年来长期定位施肥试验构建不同土壤肥力梯度为平台,研究品种演替过程中籽粒产量和磷效率对土壤肥力的响应。结果表明,各施肥处理,随品种演替小麦籽粒产量呈显著增加趋势,其中郑麦0856的产量最高(8 157. 3kg·hm-2),郑麦7698次之,豫麦13的产量最低(5 915. 39 kg·hm-2);不施肥处理(CK)则下降。无论施肥或不施肥处理,100 kg小麦籽粒对磷素的需求量均随品种的演替呈上升趋势。此外,随品种演替,磷的生理效率呈先增加后降低的趋势,郑麦941 (172. 48 kg·kg-1)的磷生理效率最高,郑麦9023 (145. 79 kg·kg-1)、郑麦7698 (130. 51kg·kg-1)和郑麦0856 (147. 65 kg·kg-1)次之,三者之间差异不明显,豫麦13 (66. 71 kg·kg-1)的磷生理效率最低;同一品种,单施化肥处理(NPK)小麦磷生理效率显著高于其他施肥处理(MNPK、1. 5MNPK和SNPK)(豫麦13除外)。同时,品种演变明显提高了磷农学效率;但在施肥条件下,继续增施肥料和养分投入使豫麦13、郑麦941、郑麦7698和郑麦9023的磷农学效率降低;而郑麦0856的农学效率随着土壤肥力的增加而增加,与籽粒产量协同提升。因此,黄淮海地区小麦品种演替在土壤肥力养分充足时籽粒产量显著提高,磷效率也呈增加的趋势。     

Effects of dietary fish oil replacement with blended vegetable oils on growth,lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus

A 120‐day trial was conducted to assess the effects of dietary fish oil replacement with vegetable oils on growth, lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity of subadult swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to replace 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/kg of fish oil with a mixture of soybean and rapeseed oil (defined as D1–D5), and each treatment had 30 replicate crabs. Dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of the crabs, while the D3 had the highest hepatosomatic index and total lipids in hepatopancreas. The triglyceride and lipase activities in hepatopancreas increased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. The D4 had the highest levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in the hepatopancreas, as well as the haemolymph ALP, ACP and peroxidase. The highest levels of haemolymph total antioxidant capacity, catalase and malondialdehyde were detected in D1. Total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels in hepatopancreas decreased significantly with increasing dietary fish oil replacement. In conclusion, dietary fish oil replacement had no significant effects on growth of P. trituberculatus, and 500g/kg of fish oil replacement could improve antioxidant capacity, but excessive replacement level will enhance lipid accumulation and peroxidation in the hepatopancreas.     

Essential amino acids supplementation to practical diets affects growth,feed utilization and glucose metabolism‐related signalling molecules of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala)

Six diets were formulated to investigate the success of fish meal (FM) replacement by plant proteins; diet 1 reflected a commercial feed (8% FM), diet 3 contained 4% FM, and diet 5 was devoid of FM. Whereas, diet 2, diet 4, and diet 6 reflected diet 1, diet 3, diet 5, respectively, and supplemented with essential amino acid (EAA). At the end of 8‐week trial, there was no significant difference in survival rate. Significantly higher final weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate were recorded in the group fed diet 2 compared with the other treatments (except diet 4) (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 2 was significantly lower than those fed diets 1, 3, and 5 (p < 0.05). The lowest feed intake and highest protein efficiency rate were found in fish fed diet 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in whole body compositions between treatments. Plasma aspartate transaminases, alanine aminotransferase, and glucose were significantly affected by dietary treatments (p < 0.05), while plasma protein and albumin contents were not influenced by the treatments. The relative expression of target of rapamycin (TOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha) (PIK3R1) in fish fed diet 3 (4% FM) were significantly down‐regulated compared with those fed diet 6 for TOR and diets 4 and 6 for PIK3R1 (p < 0.05). Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) and janus kinase 3 (JAK3) expressions were fluctuated, with the higher levels in fish fed diets 4 and 6. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate that plant protein mixture supplemented with EAA could be used to substitute FM in practical diet for Megalobrama amblycephala.     

Effects of natural feeding stimulants and glutamic acid supplementation on the feed intake,growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of red sea bream (Pagrus major) fed fish meal‐free soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet

Two experiments were conducted for red sea bream (Pagrus major). In experiment 1, the optimum level of glutamic acid and natural feeding stimulants to enhance feed intake were determined and found that glutamic acid level of 0.5% and fish meat hydrolysate (FMH) were effective. In experiment 2, fish were fed with soy protein concentrate (SPC)‐based diet with synthetic feeding stimulants (Basal diet), the Basal diet with FMH (FMH diet), the FMH diet with glutamic acid (FMHG diet) and with fish meal diet (FM diet) as a control until satiation for 8 weeks. Feed intake of FMHG‐fed fish was significantly higher than others (p < 0.05). Specific growth rate and the feed conversion ratio of FMHG were comparable to those of FM‐fed fish (p > 0.05). Relative visceral fat ratio and crude lipid content of any SPC‐based diet‐fed fish tended to be lower than those of FM diet‐fed fish. There were no significant differences in trypsin and lipase activities hepatopancreas among treatments. SPC can be utilized as a sole protein source in a diet for red sea bream. The lower growth performance in SPC‐based diet‐ fed fish was not due to poor digestive enzyme secretion but could be associated with lipid utilization disorder.