外加碳源及沉水植物狐尾藻对上覆水中各形态磷浓度的影响

采用室内模拟实验(模拟“水体-底泥-沉水植物”生态系统),研究了外加碳源及沉水植物生长对上覆水总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)、溶解性有机磷(DOP)的影响.结果表明:在本研究条件下,上覆水中各形态磷以溶解性总磷(DTP)为主；外加碳源,促进了沉积物磷的释放,增加了上覆水磷含量；沉水植物狐尾藻...     

A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments

Background, Goal and Scope  To date, standardised bioassays for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential in sediments and dredged material use test organisms like bacteria, algae and crustaceae. This paper presents the development and application of a novel sediment contact test (whole sediment) withMyriophyllum aquaticum, a representative of rooted aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the value of a sediment contact test with rooted macrophytes as a supplement to existing test batteries in order to improve the assessment of sediment toxicity. Methods  The newly developed sediment contact test withMyriophylhim aquaticum was applied to natural whole sediments. For performing the test, whorls ofMyriophyllum aquaticum were directly planted in the native sediment and incubated in the light at 24°C (cf. section results and discussion). The end points of the test were the number of the shoots and the fresh weight of the whole plants. The duckweed growth inhibition test withLemna minor according to ISO/DIS 20079 was performed in pore waters from sediment samples. The results of the sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum were compared with each other and with those of the aquatic duckweed test. Results and Discussion  A test protocol for the new plant-based sediment contact test using the aquatic plantMyriophyllum aquaticum as an indicator was developed. The best control sediment proved to be the OECD sediment (OECD 207). A test period of 10 days appeared to be sufficient for the test. The increase of biomass and the derived growth rate were found to be the most suitable evaluation parameters. The growth behaviour ofMyriophyllum aquaticum differed depending on the origin of sediments. Therefore, plant-affecting contamination, that is bound in sediments, was indicated. Conclusions  The novel sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum can indicate phytotoxic effects in sediments. Therefore, it allows a better assessment of the overall-toxicity in whole sediments. Recommendations and Outlook  The sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological risk potential of waters and sediments. It should become a complement to a standardised test battery generally used for the assessment of sediment toxicity.     

Growth and photosynthesis of four invasive aquatic plant species in Europe

Crassula helmsii , Hydrocotyle ranunculoides , Ludwigia grandiflora and Myriophyllum aquaticum are four well known invasive aquatic plants in European waters. In this study, plant growth at different nutrient availabilities, regeneration capacity and photosynthesis were investigated. Results show high relative growth rates (RGR) of the species of up to 0.132 ± 0.008 g g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) day⁻¹ ( H. ranunculoides ) and a significant increase in RGR with increasing nutrient availability. All species show a high regeneration capacity and the ability to form new shoots from single nodes, even though it differs between the species. Ludwigia grandiflora and M. aquaticum also show regeneration from single leaves. Species differed in maximal amounts, and in temperature and light optima of net assimilation rates: H. ranunculoides leaves reach maximum photosynthetic rates of up to 3500 μmol CO₂ × h⁻¹ g⁻¹ dw, L. grandiflora (leaves) up to 2200 μmol CO₂ × h⁻¹ g⁻¹ dw, M. aquaticum (shoots) 400   μmol CO₂ × h⁻¹ g⁻¹ dw and C. helmsii (shoots) up to 200 μmol CO₂ × h⁻¹ g⁻¹ dw. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides , L. grandiflora and M. aquaticum preferred high light intensity and high temperatures, whilst C. helmsii was negatively affected by intense sunlight. Summarising, it can be assumed that at least H. ranunculoides , L. grandiflora and M. aquaticum can grow well under current and likely future central European climate conditions.     

Uptake and translocation of non-ionised pesticides in the emergent aquatic plant parrot feather Myriophyllum aquaticum

The uptake of four (14)C-labelled non-ionised compounds, the methyl carbamoyloxime insecticide/nematicide oxamyl and three model phenylureas, from solution by rooted stems of the aquatic plant parrot feather [Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc], together with translocation to the emergent shoots, was measured over periods of 24 and 48 h. Uptake into the submerged tissues of roots and stem base could be ascribed to two processes: movement into the aqueous phase of cells and then partitioning onto the plant solids. This latter process was related to lipophilicity (as measured by the l-octanol/water partition coefficient, K(ow)) and gave rise to high uptake rates of the most lipophilic compounds. Translocation to shoots was passive and was optimal at log K(ow) approximately 1.8, at which the efficiency of translocation of compound was about 40% of that of water. This optimum log K(ow) was identical to that observed previously in barley, although the translocation efficiency was somewhat less in parrot feather. Solvation parameters were applied to model uptake and translocation of a set of ten compounds by barley with the particular objective of understanding why translocation efficiency is lower at log K(ow) > 1.8.     

添加葡萄糖对绿狐尾藻与麦麸混合青贮品质的影响

以鲜质量比7∶3的绿狐尾藻和麦麸为原料混合青贮,分别添加0%、2%、4%、6%的葡萄糖,固定添加植物乳杆菌,测定混合青贮饲料的发酵品质、营养品质及有氧稳定性。结果表明：添加葡萄糖能显著(P<0.05)降低混合青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮与总氮质量分数之比,显著(P<0.05)提高乳酸质量分数,降低丁酸质量分数,改善青贮发酵品质;显著(P<0.05)降低粗蛋白和粗纤维质量分数,且显著(P<0.05)提高相对饲用价值;当葡萄糖添加量为4%时显著(P<0.05)降低中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维质量分数;添加0%、2%、4%、6%葡萄糖处理的有氧稳定性分别为>360、226、>360、62 h。综合评价结果显示,鲜质量比7∶3的绿狐尾藻和麦麸混合青贮中添加2%葡萄糖,混合青贮有更好的发酵品质和营养品质及有氧稳定性。     

光照强度及附植藻类对狐尾藻生理指标的影响

为研究沉水植物在富营养化水体中的衰退机理,以沉水植物狐尾藻为研究对象,进行为期四周的室内模拟实验,探究10%(39.6~75.6μmol·m-2·s-1)、50%(104.4~140.4μmol·m-2·s-1)及100%(210.2~230.4μmol·m-2·s-1)自然光以及附植藻类对狐尾藻叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及抗氧化保护酶(SOD)活性等生理指标的影响。结果表明:狐尾藻叶片叶绿素含量随光照强度的增强而下降,MDA含量随光照强度的增强而增加,SOD活性及可溶性蛋白含量先随光照强度的增强而上升,试验末期随光照强度的增强而下降;在相同的光照强度下,附植藻类使狐尾藻MDA含量增加,抗氧化酶(SOD)活性减弱以及叶绿素含量降低。双因素方差分析表明,光照强度、附植藻类以及两者的交互作用均对狐尾藻生理有显著影响(P<0.05)。狐尾藻在100%自然光且有附植藻类存在的环境中生理活动受到严重的胁迫,而10%自然光强且无附植藻类的水环境有利于狐尾藻生理代谢。     

收割强度对粉绿狐尾藻生长和水质的影响

研究5种收割强度对粉绿狐尾藻生长和水质的影响,为沉水植物调控管理提供参考。设不收割组作为对照组,收割组收割强度分别为株高的15%、30%、45%、60%和75%。将收割的植物称量干重和鲜重,统计株高、分枝数,测定新生枝条的恢复长度。每次收割前1 d对所有处理组的水样进行水质测定。结果表明:(1)收割对粉绿狐尾藻枝条生长恢复和株高影响显著(P<0.01)。对照组最终株高最高,达到187.0 cm,并在水面形成冠层。第1次收割后20 d,低强度(15%和30%)收割组恢复或超过收割前水平,中强度(45%)收割组枝条全部恢复,但高强度(60%和75%)收割组的恢复率明显低于低、中强度收割组,恢复率分别为80.68%和62.00%。第2次收割后20 d,15%和30%收割组的粉绿狐尾藻全部恢复,45%收割组的恢复率为91.44%,高强度收割组的恢复率明显降低,恢复率分别为76.09%和42.22%,至实验结束时高强度收割组都未恢复。随着收割频次的增加,枝条恢复的时间延长。(2)收割减少了粉绿狐尾藻分枝数。对照组分枝数最高,达到6.9枝/株,15%~75%收割组分别为4.3、4.0、3.6、2.2和1.8枝/株。(3)收割显著降低了粉绿狐尾藻的生物量(P<0.01)。15%~75%收割组的生物量分别下降为对照组的10.11%、3.23%、2.47%、2.29%和0.80%。(4)粉绿狐尾藻收割对水质影响显著。收割后,水体中总氮、总磷浓度降低,且收割强度与收割次数对氮磷浓度影响显著(P<0.01)。与第1次收割相比,第2次收割后,15%收割组总氮、总磷浓度分别较前次下降13.63%和24.82%,30%收割组下降12.90%和22.87%,45%收割组下降8.24%和25.04%,高强度(60%和75%)收割组下降6.66%和34.91、9.64%和17.64%。收割强度会对水体中悬浮颗粒物(SS)和叶绿素(Chl-a)有影响,高强度收割使得水体中的SS和Chl-a含量明显升高。收割对控制粉绿狐尾藻生长效果明显,结合水质指标,以低强度收割2~3次为宜。     

绿狐尾藻对不同铵硝配比的生理响应

为了探究高氨养殖废水中一定比例的硝态氮对绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)生长及生理特征的影响,采用营养液培养,在总氮浓度为15 mmol/L的条件下,以纯铵处理为对照(CK),设置NH+4∶NO-3=3∶1(以N3∶1表示)和NH+4∶NO-3=1∶1(以N1∶1表示)两个处理,研究绿狐尾藻对不同铵硝配比的生理响应。结果显示,培养至第21天,N1∶1处理的相对生物量和相对茎高分别为13.17 g和35.31 cm,显著低于N3∶1(19.59 g,41.78 cm)和CK组(17.82 g, 38.82 cm)(P<0.05)。不同处理下叶片中的氮含量为50.38~58.82 mg/g,显著高于茎中氮含量26.96~35.42 mg/g;但叶片中磷含量5.17~7.38 mg/g显著低于茎中的磷含量8.44~9.88 mg/g(P<0.05)。培养至第21天时,CK、N3∶1、N1∶1处理之间的叶片磷含量(6.76、7.06、7.38 mg/g)差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),表现为N1∶1> N3∶1>CK。N1∶1和N3∶1处理叶片(7.03、6.75 mg/g)和茎中(6.43、5.04 mg/g)的可溶性糖含量均显著高于CK(3.58、3.27 mg/g)(P<0.05)。N1∶1处理叶片和茎中的叶绿素含量均显著高于CK和N3∶1处理(P<0.05)。研究表明,当处理中添加少量或不添加硝态氮时,有利于绿狐尾藻生长和生物量增加;当处理中硝态氮含量相对较高时,植株叶绿素和可溶性糖含量增加,同时吸收磷的能力增强。绿狐尾藻在不同铵硝配比的水体中均能保持良好的生长状态和较强的氮磷吸收能力,该结果为绿狐尾藻高效净化不同来源的养殖废水提供了理论依据。     

苯嗪草酮对2种淡水水生植物的生长抑制影响

为评价苯嗪草酮施用后的水生生态安全性,研究苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻的生长抑制影响及其毒性效应。用不同质量浓度的苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻进行暴露处理,以叶状体数和鲜重,植株长度和鲜重为分析指标,分别在第7天和第14天进行观察测定。结果表明：7天小浮萍E_rC₅₀和E_yC₅₀的叶状体数为0.519、0.322 mg/L,鲜重分别为0.518、0.328 mg/L;14天穗状狐尾藻E_rC₅₀和E_yC₅₀的植株长度为6.240、4.248 mg/L,鲜重分别为4.092、2.616 mg/L。苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻具有一定的毒性,抑制其生长。在一定的剂量范围内,抑制率随浓度的增加而增大。但是,苯嗪草酮对两者的毒性作用表现出明显的分类学效应。