镉胁迫下富铁有机肥对芒草生长及镉富集的影响

为了探究镉胁迫下富铁有机肥对芒草生长及镉富集的影响,通过盆栽试验,设置CK（不施肥）、ZCK（施加普通有机肥）和Z2、Z3（施加不同浓度富铁有机肥）处理。结果表明：与CK相比,所有施肥处理均促进了芒草生长,改善了土壤理化性质,抑制了芒草富集重金属,且其中Z2、Z3比ZCK对芒草生长的效果更好。相对于ZCK,Z3的芒草干质量显著增加了131.80%,Z2的芒草根长显著增加了54.22%。此外,Z2地上部的镉含量相比于ZCK显著降低了49.86%,Z3地下部的镉含量相比于CK显著降低了58.94%。研究表明,施加富铁有机肥相对于普通有机肥更能有效促进芒草生长并抑制芒草对镉的富集,该肥料具有对轻度镉污染土壤进行边修复边生产的应用潜力。     

抗褐化剂对荻外植体褐化和愈伤组织生长的影响

以荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)幼穗和诱导出的愈伤组织为材料探讨抗褐化剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、抗坏血酸(Vc)、柠檬酸(CA)对外植体和愈伤组织抗褐化作用,以及愈伤诱导率及愈伤生长速度的影响。结果表明,3种抗褐化剂都能抑制外植体和愈伤组织褐化,并提高愈伤组织诱导率。添加0.2g/L PVP时荻外植体的褐变程度最低,0.2g/L CA时愈伤组织诱导率最高,为91.1%,向愈伤组织继代培养基中添加0.2g/L的Vc愈伤组织重量增加倍数最高,为21.38倍,且愈伤组织褐化率低为25.8%。     

芒属植物叶绿体InDel标记的开发与应用

研究利用芒属植物(芒02381和荻04005)叶绿体全基因组测序的结果,开发12对InDel标记。采用正交设计法优化cpInDelPCR体系,得到模板DNA、dNTPs、Mg2+、引物、TaqDNA聚合酶5个关键因素在体系中的最佳组合。12对InDel标记对43份芒属和2份甘蔗材料进行扩增,共扩增出538条条带,其中3对引物扩增出13条多态性条带,占总数的2.4%。将所有位点读带转化为数值矩阵并用UPGMA法聚类,在遗传相似系数1.4的水平上,和南荻聚为一类,而芒和与五节芒、双药芒、红山茅、尼泊尔芒、甘蔗聚为一类,4个具有杂交种特征的材料单独聚为一类。试验开发的芒属植物cpInDel标记可用于芒与荻的区分,指导芒属植物的杂交育种。     

五节芒的分化类型及生产性状的比较研究

通过长期的引种栽培，发现五节芒分化出宽叶和窄叶类型。经对形态特征、生产性状的比较研究，证明两个类型差异显著，性状稳定。还证明，宽叶类型的生产性状明显优于窄叶类型。     

Cradle-to-farm gate life cycle assessment in perennial energy crops

Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be an objective, strategic and immediate criteria in determining, case-by-case, the most suitable crop for energy. In this study, a cradle-to-farm gate LCA study was performed in 4 perennial energy crops and then compared to the environmental impacts of a conventional wheat–maize rotation. The functional units energy and hectare were used for ranking the crops. The results showed clear and constant environmental benefits, on average 50% lower impacts, by substituting the conventional rotation with perennial crops. Among the latter, little differences were found on hectare basis, while the differences were strictly dependent on biomass yield, on energy basis. Giant reed, the most productive crop, showed at this regard the best performance, while cynara resulted in the lowest ecological benefits. A similar trend was also registered as concern the energy gain and efficiency that ranged from 75 (cynara) to 349 (giant reed) GJ ha⁻¹, and from 7 to 30 (same order), respectively. On hectare basis, switchgrass achieved better results in six categories out of nine, and especially, it was from 27% to 32% less impacting than the other perennials on marine water ecotoxicity, which resulted in the clearly most affected category after normalisation on average European inhabitants. Weighting is not allowed for public comparison (ISO 14042), yet it can be helpful for some overall indications and conclusive comments. Comparing giant reed and switchgrass under different weighting sets, it emerged that resource depletion was the main discriminator for crop choice. Evenly weighting human health (HH), resource depletion (RD) and ecosystem quality (EQ) categories made the preference toward switchgrass or giant reed very uncertain. Taking three different weighting sets with RD, HH and EQ having 50% of relative importance (25% was set for the remaining two categories), switchgrass appeared the best choice in two cases (i.e. HH = 50% and EQ = 50%) out of three. Therefore, the preference toward a specific energy crop will strongly depend on weighting sets that may considerably change in space and time.     

梅州地区主要能源草分布及生长情况调查

调查了梅州地区高大能源草五节芒和类芦的分布、生长及生物量等情况,结果表明,这2种草在梅州地区普遍分布,低山地的五节芒地上部干物量达到33.4 t/hm2,类芦干物量达29.0 t/hm2,具有作为能源草开发的价值;此外,五节芒的干物量与土壤水分含量呈显著正相关,但与土壤有机质及速效氮磷钾含量相关关系不显著,而类芦的干物量与土壤水分含量、土壤有机质及速效氮磷钾含量也没有显著相关关系,说明五节芒相对喜水,类芦相对耐旱。指出在山地开发种植芒草类能源草、建立能源农场、生产清洁能源是山区经济发展的新思路。     

五节芒栽培糙皮侧耳的子实体质构分析

利用质构分析仪,比较分析分别以五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)和棉籽壳为主料栽培获得的糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)子实体的质构指标,同时测算二者干制率和杀青率差异。结果表明,相对于常规棉籽壳培养料栽培,菌草配方栽培糙皮侧耳的菌盖咀嚼性、硬度和回复性较差,菌柄回复性、硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性较差,而且子实体的干制率和杀青率也较低。     

尾矿砂堆积地五节芒自然定居对土壤微生物生物量、呼吸速率及酶活性的影响

为了认识重金属耐性植物五节芒（Miscanthus floridulus）对尾矿砂土壤的改良作用,在尾矿砂堆积地上选择1个裸露的尾矿砂样点（对照）和4个五节芒定居的尾矿砂样点（RI、RII、RIII和RIV）为样地,研究了土壤微生物生物量、呼吸速率和酶活性随五节芒定居梯度的变化规律以及这些微生物参数与土壤理化特性和重金属含量的关系。结果发现,随着五节芒在尾矿砂上的定居,除土壤pH以外,土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷、NH4+-N、NO3--N和速效磷的含量以及团聚体稳定性和最大持水量均显著提高（P 0.05）,而土壤重金属总量与DTPA可提取量均显著下降（P 0.05）。土壤生物生物量碳、氮、磷、基础呼吸速率、基质诱导呼吸速率、10种土壤酶活性均显著提高（P 0.05）,但土壤呼吸熵和多酚氧化酶活性显著下降（P 0.05）。主分量分析（PCA）结果表明,土壤微生物参数、土壤理化特性和土壤重金属数据均可显著区分出5个研究样地;典范相关分析（CCA）结果看出,土壤微生物参数总体变化与土壤理化特性呈显著正相关（pH除外）,与土壤重金属呈显著负相关。     

能源植物芒草的农学特性研究进展

芒草Miscanthus作为一类可再生能源植物,是解决环境问题和能源供应短缺的有效方法之一.芒草是一类具有根状茎的多年生C4植物,它的最高生物量可达到49 t·hm-2.综述了芒草的生物学特性、生物量、抗逆性以及水分、氮元素对其生物量及其组成的影响等农艺性状和生理特性,总结了在水分胁迫条件下增施氮肥可以提高芒草的生物量,土壤含水量和耐霜冻能力是提高芒草生物量的2个关键因素,并提出了今后进一步的研究主要是利用现代分子育种手段,选育出抗逆性强、适应不同生态环境条件的高生物量良种品系等.     

Towards an integrative biology research: a case study on adaptive and evolutionary trends of Miscanthus populations in Taiwan

A program of research named Towards an Integrative Biology (TAIB) has recently been promoted by the International Union of Biological Sciences, involving multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research. Studies of Miscanthus plants which emphasized the TAIB theme were undertaken. Miscanthus species are the most widely distributed and dominant species in Taiwan, growing everywhere from the coastal to mountainous areas, and from agricultural to polluted land. Particularly, the grasses grow well in habitats under environmental stresses. Physiological and genetic adaptations are fundamental mechanisms for these grasses' survival in stressful environments. Findings based on field measurements and laboratory analyses were able to elucidate some of the mechanisms of grasses adapted to stressful environments. Adaptive radiation occurred when most niches were open during the postglacial periods. Particularly, population discontinuity of the grasses was found on the Orchid and Green islets of Taiwan. Likewise, Miscanthus sinensis var. glaber and var. formosanus occupied lands from low to middle elevations of Taiwan, while Miscanthus transmorrisonensis appeared in the highlands above 2400 m. Phylogenetically, Miscanthus has evolved into various ecotypes, varieties and species in Taiwan as well as in other parts of Asia. The grass then evolved into Miscanthus floridulus , M. sinensis var. formosanus , Miscanthus flavidus , then to M. transmorrisonensis . Furthermore, the phylogeny of the Miscanthus sinensis complex of Taiwan was reconstructed by cladistic analysis on nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (nrDNA ITS) region and atpB - rbc L non-coding spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Rooted at M . floridulus the monophyly of M . sineneis was significantly supported by molecular evidence. The origin of this complex could be dated to the last glacial withdrawal about 20 000 years ago.