外源硝态氮对菊芋耐海水胁迫的影响

A hydroponic experiment with six treatments, i.e., 0% seawater （control）, 10% seawater, 25% seawater, 0% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, 10% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaO3）, and 25% seawater ＋ N （7.5 mmol L-1 NaNO3）, was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen addition on the growth and physiological and biochemical characteristics of Jerusalem artichoke （Helianthus tuberosus） seedlings under seawater stress. The 10% seawater stress treatment had the least effect on plant growth while at 25% seawater growth was significantly inhibited. The malondialdehyde content and electrolyte leakage in leaves under 10% seawater were similar to those of the control, but significantly higher under the 25% seawater stress. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in the leaves increased concomitantly with increasing seawater concentration and time. Proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and Na^＋, K^＋, and Cl- contents in shoots and roots increased significantly with the concentration of seawater increasing. Nitrogen addition resulted in increasing fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots compared with seawater treatment without N. Nitrogen supplementation also significantly enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in leaves. Addition of N to seawater enhanced the contents of proline and soluble-sugars in the leaves and K^＋ and total-N in the aerial parts and roots of H. tuberosus, but it resulted in declined concentrations of Na^＋ and Cl- in the aerial parts and roots. Nitrogen addition ameliorated the toxicity of seawater by improving the antioxidative enzymes, accumulating of proiine and soluble-sugars, and altering the distribution of inorganic ions in H. tuberosus.     

EFFECTS OF pH ON GROWTH AND NODULATION OF TWO FORAGE LEGUMES

A study was conducted to compare the responses to acid pH of Medicago sativa and Lotus glaber, two forage legumes with different environmental requirements, either supplied with inorganic nitrogen (N) or inoculated with different strains of their nodule bacteria. Medicago sativa showed, in both treatments, a significant reduction in total dry weight at pH below 6.0. In contrast, Lotus glaber grew equally well at all the pHs assayed in the presence of adequate N. Under inoculated conditions, in the absence of N supply, plant growth was dependent on the bacterial strain used. When the ability of each strain to multiply in culture medium was examined, it was observed that Sinorhizobium meliloti strains showed a pH-sensitive response that inhibited growth at pH 4.0, whereas Mesorhizobium loti strains showed normal growth at this pH. These results suggest that for the effectiveness of Mesorhizobium loti–Lotus glaber symbiosis in acid soils the major factor to be considered is the tolerance of the bacterial strain to acid conditions, while the limiting factors for the Sinorhizobium meliloti–Medicago sativa symbiosis are the sensitivity to low pH of both the plant and its bacteria.     

紫云英根瘤菌分子遗传学研究进展

总结了紫云英根瘤菌分子遗传学研究进展。这类根瘤菌的寄主范围较窄，早先根据互接种族概念将其定名为Rhizobium astragali。后来定名为Rhizobium huakuii。最近并入Mesorhizobium属，对大量菌株进行的16S和23SrDNAPCR-RFLP分析和代表菌株的部分16SrDNA碱基测序，揭示了7个不同基因型，表明这类菌具有遗传多样性。可以认为存在不同的种，它们都有质粒，数量1-5个，因菌株而异，可分为不同质粒型。共生基因常定位在最大的一个质粒上，即共生质粒，它们的结瘤基因具有独特结构。采用包括nodA,nodB。noC,nodD的苜蓿根瘤菌突变株进行基因互补，从紫云英根瘤蓖基因文库中获得了相应的转移接合子，这类结瘤基因的这种结构在7个基因型的菌株中都是一致的，说明结瘤基因的保守性。     

Enhancement of Nodulation and Yield of Chickpea by Co-inoculation of Indigenous Mesorhizobium spp. and Plant Growth–Promoting Rhizobacteria in Eastern Uttar Pradesh

We study the effect of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with Mesorhizobium sp. BHURC02 on nodulation, plant growth, yield, and nutrient content of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under field conditions. A similar study has been conducted for nodulation and plant growth of chickpea in pot experiment under glasshouse conditions. The treatment combination of Mesorhizobium sp. BHURC02 and Pseudomonas fluorescens BHUPSB06 statistically significantly increased nodule number plant^–1, dry weight of nodule plant^–1, and root and shoot dry weights plant^–1 over the control under a glasshouse experiment. The maximum significant increase in nodule number, dry matter, and nutrient content were recorded in co-inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp. BHURC02 and P. fluorescens BHUPSB06 followed by co-inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp., Azotobacter chroococcum, and Bacillus megatrium BHUPSB14 over uninoculated control in a 2-year field study. Hence, co-inoculation of Mesorhizobium sp. and P. fluorescens may be effective indigenous PGPR for chickpea production.     

外源共生基因对紫云英根瘤菌共生效率的影响

 将豌豆根瘤菌共生质粒pJB5JI、含紫云英根瘤菌共生基因的重组质粒pRaZ15及含苜蓿根瘤菌共生基因的重组质粒pRmSL26导入紫云英根瘤菌野生型菌株7653R，然后对3种转移接合子的共生固氮效率进行了比较全面的测定。结果表明：转移接合子7653R（pJB5JI）的共生固氮能力较出发菌株7653R大幅度提高，而且表现出较高的竞争结瘤能力，转移接合子7653R（pRmSL26）在固氮酶活性、植物干重及结瘤数方面亦显著高于对照菌株7653R；转移接合子7653R（pRaZ15）虽然在固氮酶活性及植物干重方面没有发现显著性差异，但结瘤数显著减少。     

华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)研究进展

综述了华癸中生根瘤菌(Mesorhizobium huakuii)遗传多样性、质粒多样性、质粒的功能、结瘤因子、结瘤基因、胞外多糖等方面的研究进展。这类菌只能在紫云英上结瘤,1997年并入Mesorhizobium。选取大量菌株进行REP-PCR、16S和23S rDNAPCR-RFLP等分析,揭示其分为16种16S rDNA基因型。选用不同16S rDNA基因型的部分代表菌株进行部分16S rDNA测序。能够在紫云英上结瘤的根瘤菌可以分为2个类群。表明这类菌具有遗传多样性,存在不同的种。它们多数含共生质粒,共生质粒定位于最大或次大质粒上,质粒数1~5个不等,其分子量范围在53~906 kb之间。质粒缺失菌株表现为不结瘤(Nod-)和结瘤而不固氮(Nod ,Nif-)。某些质粒缺失还影响LPS合成、抗酸性、竞争结瘤能力。其结瘤因子能诱导紫云英根毛变形,它们的结瘤因子结构类似于苜蓿根瘤菌的结瘤因子。它们的结瘤基因具独特性,nodA与nodBC分隔一定距离,且具有保守性。它们产生的胞外多糖在侵染结瘤过程中发挥重要作用。     

中慢生华癸根瘤菌nodD-突变株的筛选及其对紫云英的促生作用

通过二亲接合的方式,将含有sacB基因和nodD基因部分片段的质粒与中慢生华癸根瘤菌Mesorhizobium huakuii)93(Mh93)菌株进行同源重组,在含10％蔗糖的TY平板上成功地筛选到了nodD基因突变株Mh93-27.利用温室盆栽试验研究了紫云英单作及紫云英-小麦间作体系Mh93-27对紫云英的促生作用,结果表明,接种Mh93-27后,紫云英的地上部生物量和全氮含量以及根部生长得到了不同程度的提高,但只有在小麦孕穗期和收获期时,根瘤菌才表现出显著的促生作用.     

High and low nodulation in relation to molecular diversity of chickpea mesorhizobia in Indian soils

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) nodulation variants of two cultivars ICC 4948 and ICC 5003 were used as trap plants to isolate 385 native rhizobia from CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar farm soil. After authentication and considering growth characteristics, selected 110 rhizobia revealed immense molecular diversity using the profiles of DNA fragments generated by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with enterobacterial repetitive intergeneric consensus (ERIC) sequences. Low nodulating variants of cvs ICC 4948 and ICC 5003 were able to trap more numbers of rhizobial genotypes, namely seven as compared four to five by high nodulating variants of these cultivars. Overall eight rhizobial genotypes were trapped by the chickpea cultivars. Rhizobial isolates from same nodule or same plants were present in the same or different clusters and few isolates showed 100% similarity also. Based on nodules from a plant, nodulation variant or cultivar, rhizobia could not be differentiated and no exclusive cluster was formed by either rhizobial isolates from low or high nodulating variants of both the cultivars. Two most efficient rhizobial isolates LN 707b and LN 7007 were characterized by amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Rhizobial isolate LN 707b showed more than 98% similarity with Mesorhizobium sp SH 2851 and Mesorhizobium mediterraneum. Another isolate LN 7007 showed more than 99% similarity with the sequence of 16S r RNA gene of Mesorhizobium sp STM 398, and M. mediterraneum. So the chickpea rhizobia from Northern Indian subcontinent are proposed to be kept under M. mediterraneum strain LN707b and LN 7007.     

发光酶基因标记的华癸根瘤菌JS5A16L在紫云英根圈的定殖动态

在土壤一盒栽、盆栽微宇宙系统（Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｏｓｍ）中和田间条件下，研究了发光酶基因（ｌｕｘＡＢ）标记的华癸根瘤菌ＪＳ５Ａ１６Ｌ在紫云英根圈的定殖动态、分布范围及结瘤情况。在盒栽系统中，ＪＳ５Ａ１６Ｌ的定殖密度在紫云英出苗２天后达到最高水平（７．８８ ｌｐｇ ｃｆｕ／克根）（ｃｆｕ为ｃｏｌｏｎｙ　ｆｏｒｍｉｎｇ　ｕｎｉｔ的缩写），然后开始下降，并保持在一个相对稳定的水平；５８天后又有所回升，且能散布至种子下方２２ｃｍ处的根段部位。盆栽条件下的定殖动态与盒栽系统中的相似，紫云英播种３天后，ＪＳ５Ａ１６Ｌ可达最高定殖水平（６．９２ ｌｏｇ ｃｆｕ／株根系），随后开始缓慢下降，直至３２天时仍维持在一个相对稳定水平。ＪＳ５Ａ１６Ｌ在田间条件的定殖动态则不同，播种后３０天时定殖密度达到最大值（７ ．０３ ｌｏｇ ｃｆｕ／克根），９０天后降到最低值（５． ２４ ｌｏｇ ｃｆｕ／克根），然后又开始上升，１６０天时为７．８７ ｌｏｇ ｃｆｕ／克根，甚至在地上部植株收割后２０天仍可维持在７．８９ ｌｏｇ ｃｆｕ／克根。接种该菌株可显著提高紫云英的生物学产量。     

华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R MCHK_8182基因的共生固氮功能

根据华癸中慢生根瘤菌7653R全局转录组分析结果,获得在共生固氮阶段显著上调表达的基因MCHK_8182;设计重叠延伸PCR引物,构建MCHK_8182双交换突变重组质粒载体;通过三亲本杂交,将突变载体导入7653R;在蔗糖压力培养下进行筛选,最终获得MCHK_8182双交换突变株。PCR及测序验证双交换突变株构建成功。植物盆栽试验结果显示,与7653R野生型接种的植株相比,MCHK_8182突变菌株接种的植株根瘤数减少,但固氮酶活未见明显差异。