基于"量-质-域-流"四维指标体系的水资源荷载状况评价——以黑河流域三地市为例

随着社会经济用水不断增加，水资源供需矛盾加剧，水资源系统出现荷载不均衡现象，制约了区域发展，危及生态环境良性循环。本文从水资源系统的负荷需求和承载能力出发，基于“量、质、域、流”四个维度构建水资源荷载均衡评价指标体系，采用指标规范化的正态云模型，评价2015年黑河流域张掖市、酒泉市、阿拉善盟水资源配置方案的荷载均衡状况，并依据负荷与承载能力评分二维坐标，分出低负荷-高承载能力、低负荷-低承载能力、高负荷-高承载能力和高负荷-低承载能力四个分区。评价结果表明：2015年三地水资源荷载状况均为Ⅳ级，张掖市综合评分为3.697，酒泉市为3.657，阿拉善盟为3.901，三地均处于高负荷-低承载能力区域；三地在水质维度上处于低负荷-高承载能力区间，水质维度评分均处于Ⅱ级，酒泉市水质评分优于张掖市，张掖市水质评分优于阿拉善盟；在水量、水域、水流维度上均处于高负荷-低承载能力区间，水量方面三地处于Ⅳ级，张掖市优于酒泉市，酒泉市优于阿拉善盟；水域方面张掖和阿拉善盟评分均处于Ⅴ级，酒泉评分处于Ⅳ级；水流方面三地均处于Ⅴ级。需要采取调控手段在水量、水域、水流方面上进行“增强承载”和“卸荷”。     

我国喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区植物群落构建机制研究

喀斯特断陷盆地是我国石漠化综合治理8大喀斯特类型中治理成效最低、治理难度最大的区域，面临石漠化严重、干旱频发、植被恢复难等突出问题。文中针对水分是影响喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化治理与植被恢复成效最关键的限制因素，综合分析了国内外水分梯度差异与植物群落构建机制研究动态与发展趋势；提出利用日趋成熟的水分脆弱性评价方法，通过建立基于耦合暴露度、敏感性及适应性的水资源脆弱性评价指标体系，以满足遥感影像分辨率和植物群落调查样地大小的评价单元进行水分脆弱性评估；在建立物种库—功能性状—生境特征数据库的基础上，提出基于功能性状差异进行喀斯特断陷盆地植物群落机制构建的研究方案。提出的研究方案有望解决喀斯特断陷盆地石漠化区水分梯度特征与分布格局、自然植物群落组配规律及其生境特征、水分梯度与生境要素对植物群落特征及功能性状组成的影响规律等关键科学问题，可为不同脆弱生态区植被恢复群落构建机制研究提供重要参考和借鉴。     

黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘监测及其与气候因子的关系

[目的] 分析黑河流域中游荒漠区沙尘暴、扬沙以及浮尘频次和时长的月变化和年变化，并分析其与主要气候因子的关系，为区域沙尘天气的早期预警和荒漠区的经营和管理提供依据。[方法] 利用黑河流域红沙窝荒漠化综合防治试验站的2010—2019年的沙尘天气监测数据和气象数据进行分析。[结果] 沙尘频次和时长主要集中在春季，其次是冬季，春冬两季的频次和时长各占全年的82.3%和79.4%。10 a间沙尘暴和扬沙频次总体变化趋势逐渐减少，而浮尘频次总体变化趋势逐年增加；沙尘时长总体变化趋势逐年增加。沙尘频次月变化与土壤湿度（10 cm）和大气湿度之间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01），与风速之间呈极显著正相关（p<0.01）。扬沙年际发生频次与土壤温度（5 cm）之间呈显著负相关（p<0.05），与大气温度之间呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）。[结论] 近10 a来，黑河流域中游荒漠区的沙尘天气主要发生在春季和冬季，破坏性较大的沙尘暴和扬沙逐年减少，而浮尘逐年增加。沙尘频次的月变化主要影响因素是浅层土壤湿度、大气湿度和风速。春季的浅层土壤湿度影响了沙尘暴和扬沙年际频次变化，浅层土壤温度影响了浮尘年际频次变化；冬季的浅层土壤温湿度和降水量影响了沙尘暴的年际频次变化，浅层土壤温度和大气温度影响了扬沙的年际频次变化。     

黑龙江流域中俄保护区现状及展望

黑龙江地处中俄边界，在流域内中俄积极开展保护合作。本文分析了中俄在黑龙江两侧的保护区类型、保护对象，结果表明黑龙江流域的众保护区具有共同的保护对象，保护区的类型也惊人的相似。这些相同相似之处对于中俄保护合作深入发展有重要义。     

沙土区薄壁连拱护岸墙试验与应用

沙土区薄壁连拱护岸墙为悬臂式支撑、薄壁连拱无底板结构，拱板中间采用无砂砼排水孔的钢筋砼肋形预制板，冲沉法施工，造价低廉；外形美观，抗倾、抗滑性能强。该墙为平原沙土区河道水土保持及修复找到了一条经济合理、施工方便、简便易行的护坡办法，具有较高的实用价值和广阔的推广使用前景。     

护坦与丁坝在林区沿河公路防护中的应用

研究分析了丁坝和护坦在沿河林区公路路基防护中的作用、防护原理、设置方法、应用条件和有效性问题。     

从土地覆盖变化看塔里木河中下游天然草地的退化

通过GIS技术和1990～2000年的TM影像图,分析了塔里木河中下游近10年的土地覆盖动态变化,结果显示:在塔里木河中下游地区,天然草地退化严重,高、中覆盖草地大幅减少,低覆盖草地的数量虽然增加但主要是流域河岸胡杨林群落退化后向荒漠灌丛草地演化的结果;而在自然环境更加恶劣的塔里木河下游地区,随着断流和地下水位的下降,天然草地正在向裸地和沙地演变。通过分析,提出了恢复塔里木河中下游天然草地的治理建议。     

Trends in NE Atlantic landings (southern Portugal): identifying the relative importance of fisheries and environmental variables

Time series of commercial landings from the Algarve (southern Portugal) from 1982 to 1999 were analyzed using min/max autocorrelation factor analysis (MAFA) and dynamic factor analysis (DFA). These techniques were used to identify trends and explore the relationships between the response variables (annual landings of 12 species) and explanatory variables [sea surface temperature, rainfall, an upwelling index, Guadiana river (south‐east Portugal) flow, the North Atlantic oscillation, the number of licensed fishing vessels and the number of commercial fishermen]. Landings were more highly correlated with non‐lagged environmental variables and in particular with Guadiana river flow. Both techniques gave coherent results, with the most important trend being a steady decline over time. A DFA model with two explanatory variables (Guadiana river flow and number of fishermen) and three common trends (smoothing functions over time) gave good fits to 10 of the 12 species. Results of other models indicated that river flow is the more important explanatory variable in this model. Changes in the mean flow and discharge regime of the Guadiana river resulting from the construction of the Alqueva dam, completed in 2002, are therefore likely to have a significant and deleterious impact on Algarve fisheries landings.     

Some determinants of the spatio-temporal fire cycle in a mediterranean landscape (Corsica,France)

Based on recent needs to accurately understand fire regimes and post-fire vegetation resilience at a supra-level for carbon cycle studies, this article focusses on the coupled history of fire and vegetation pattern for 40 years on a fire-prone area in central Corsica (France). This area has been submitted since the beginning of the 20^th century to land abandonment and the remaining land management has been largely controlled by frequent fires. Our objectives were to rebuild vegetation and fire maps in order to determine the factors which have driven the spatial and temporal distribution of fires on the area, what were the feed backs on the vegetation dynamics, and the long-term consequences of this inter-relationship. The results show a stable but high frequency of small fires, coupled with forest expansion over the study period. The results particularly illustrate the spatial distribution of fires according to topography and vegetation, leading to a strong contrast between areas never burnt and areas which have been burnt up to 7 times. Fires, when occuring, affect on average 9 to 12% of the S, SE and SW facing slopes (compared to only 2 to 5% for the N facing slopes), spread recurrently over ridge tops, affect all the vegetation types but reburn preferentially shrublands and grasslands. As these fire-proning parameters have also been shown to decrease the regeneration capacity of forests, this study highlights the needs in spatial studies (both in terms of fire spread and vegetation dynamic) to accurately apprehend vegetation dynamic and functionning in fire-prone areas.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黑河流域水资源开发利用现状及存在问题分析

本文根据有关资料对黑河流域水资源的数量、分布与变化特征进行了较为详细的阐述 ,并且从可持续发展的内涵出发 ,分析了该地区水资源开发利用中出现的问题及对策。结果表明 ,黑河流域水资源开发利用中所出现的种种问题固然与西北内陆地区气候干旱等先天不利条件有很大的关系 ,但最主要的原因还是人类对水资源的开发利用不当所造成的。因此 ,必须改变传统的以牺牲生态环境为代价的经济发展模式 ,社会经济发展应充分考虑流域水资源的制约条件。