基于Lab颜色空间的棉花覆盖度提取方法研究

基于手持高清可见光图像和无人机可见光遥感影像中植被与非植被像元在不同颜色空间单通道上分布的差异性,以苗期和蕾期的棉花为对象,进行了棉花覆盖度的提取方法研究。基于不同天气状况和不同采集时刻等光照条件下采集的29幅具有不同覆盖度的棉花地面可见光图像,分别对比分析了Lab颜色空间a通道、RGB颜色空间2G-R-B指数和HIS颜色空间H通道对棉花的识别能力,以及使用动态阈值和固定阈值两种情况下的棉花覆盖度提取精度。其中动态阈值通过植被与非植被像元的高斯分布交点确定,固定阈值在3种颜色空间分别设置为动态阈值的均值。结果表明,植被像元与非植被像元在a通道、2G-R-B指数和H通道上呈现高斯分布,可以采用非线性最小二乘算法实现高斯分布拟合。通过高斯分布拟合求解交点得到的动态分类阈值分布范围较为集中,将其均值-3.78、0.06、0.13设定为固定分类阈值。相比于2G-R-B指数和H通道,a通道对绿色植被的识别能力最好,更适合提取棉花植被覆盖度;相比于动态阈值,固定阈值的提取精度更好,平均提取误差为0.009 4。将该方法应用到无人机尺度时,同样可以较好地提取不同天气状况和不同土壤干湿类型的棉花覆盖度,且总体平均提取误差为0.012。经过初步检验和分析认为,基于植被与非植被像元在Lab颜色空间a通道上分布的差异性,结合固定分类阈值,可以精确地提取不同光照条件下的苗期和蕾期棉花覆盖度。     

基于空间功能值的矿粮复合区三生空间重构

在分析矿区对"三生空间"分布影响基础上,重构三生空间,实现空间优化和协调发展。该文以江西省上饶市弋阳县旭光乡矿粮复合区为研究区域,借助每个村庄斑块所表现出的住户数量来表示生活空间功能值,采用地区修正后的单位面积价值当量法测算得到生态和生产空间功能值,并基于AVC(吸引力、生命力和承载力)理论调整"三生空间"布局。结果表明:矿区对生产-生活-生态空间具有一定的负面影响,表现为"三生空间"功能值与矿区距离成反比;生产-生活-生态空间无序镶嵌分布,具有少数集中、大多数分散的特点;经过空间重构,提高了三生空间功能值,空间格局由无序向规整转变。通过以AVC理论和空间功能值为空间重构理论依据重构后,生态空间功能值由23587.22万元增加到24 307.13万元,生产-生活-生态空间有序镶嵌、多数集中、少数零星分布。     

内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林火灾应急资源储备与调度研究

【目的】为更好地开展原始林区森林灭火工作,保护内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区森林生态资源。【方法】对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局下辖的22个林业局,3个自然保护区的应急资源储备情况进行了整理,同时对北部原始林区森林火灾发生的时间规律和空间规律分别进行了分析,在此基础上采用ArcGIS软件,对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源的空间分布状况与内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区近5年森林火灾发生的空间分布状况进行了叠加分析,依据叠加分析的结果对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源空间分布的合理性进行了评判。【结果】叠加分析结果显示,目前内蒙古大兴安岭北部原始林区周边林业局森林火灾应急资源空间配置存在区域集聚以及北部原始林区附近应急资源配置不足等不合理问题。在对内蒙古大兴安岭重点国有林管理局森林火灾应急资源储备情况整理分析的基础上,创新性地提出了以应急物流系统所需时间最少和费用最小为目标进行优化的森林火灾应急资源分配模型。【结论】最后通过实例证明,该模型可以优化森林火灾应急物流系统中资源配置体系,为应急资源的合理调配提供了指导,对于实现科学决策指挥,保护北部原始林区森林生态资源具有一定的现实意义。     

分数次Hardy算子的交换子在Lipschitz空间上的端点估计

主要研究分数次Hardy算子和Lipschitz函数生成的交换子在Lipschitz空间上的端点估计.分数次积分算子的方法不适用于分数次Hardy算子,将给出新的方法,同时也将考虑分数次极大算子的交换子的结果.     

基于RGB颜色空间的早稻氮素营养监测研究

针对双季稻区水稻过量施肥带来环境污染和成本提高问题,设计不同品种氮肥梯度大田试验,应用数码相机获取早稻冠层数字图像,研究不同色彩参数及早稻氮素营养指标的时空变化特征,以期确立双季早稻氮素营养预测模型。结果表明:不同品种同一氮肥处理下图像色彩参数差异不大;拔节期数字图像参数对氮素营养指标敏感;模型构建结果显示,图像参数INT与水稻氮素营养指标构建的模型决定系数(R2)最大,模型预测效果最佳,R2分别为0.895 7和0.924 7;进一步采用多元回归分析和BP神经网络分析法进行预测,预测效果均较好。对预测结果进行检验,发现品种对于模型的构建影响不大,以BP神经网络分析法构建的叶片氮浓度(LNC)模型和以INT为敏感色彩参数构建的叶片氮积累量(LNA)回归模型效果最优,而多元回归分析方法则效果不佳。早稻冠层RGB颜色空间敏感参数与氮素营养指标间相关性较好,可以实现氮素营养的无损监测诊断。     

林地开垦对黄土区坡面土壤养分空间分布的影响

研究黄土高原侵蚀环境下林地开垦后坡面土壤养分空间分布状况,确立林地开垦后侵蚀驱动的坡地土壤养分空间变异特征。以黄土高原丘陵区子午岭林地和开垦28年的侵蚀坡面为研究对象,分析土壤主要性质和养分含量的变化情况,运用经典统计学和地统计法分析坡面土壤基本性质和养分空间分布规律。林地开垦后坡面土壤pH增加了0.24个单位,有机质、全氮、全磷和铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾分别降低了13.77,1.14,0.10 g/kg和6.05,1.63,4.99,58.44 mg/kg。林地的土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的变异系数大于开垦地,而pH和各速效养分的变异系数小于开垦地。开垦后中坡位和下坡位养分含量减少幅度较大,上坡位减少幅度较小。林地和开垦地的土壤各指标都呈中等或强烈的空间自相关。林地开垦增强了有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾的空间异质性,但减小了pH的空间异质性,地形等结构性因子主导了土壤养分空间异质性的形成。林地开垦后,pH、有机质、全氮和全磷变程增大,铵态氮、硝态氮和速效钾变程减小,速效磷在2个坡面上的变化趋势不一致。研究结果表明林地开垦极大地减少了坡面土壤养分含量,但减少幅度与坡位和坡面形态有关。同时,开垦增大了坡面土壤有机质、全氮和全磷的空间依赖性,减小了速效养分的空间依赖性。     

非线性复微分方程的解与Hω∞空间

利用直接的积分估计,研究非线性复微分方程(f~(k))~(n_k)+A_(k-1)(z)(f~(k-1))~(n_(k-1))+…+A_1(z)(f′)~(n_1)+A_0(z)f=Ak(z)解的函数空间属性,刻画了方程的解析解,以及它们的导数属于H∞ω空间时系数需要满足的条件.改善及推广了已有的相关结果.     

Impact of urban park’s tree,grass and waterbody on microclimate in hot summer days: A case study of Olympic Park in Beijing,China

Urban heat island (UHI) often cause negative impact and has been linked to heart stroke rate, morality, human comfort, energy consumption and air pollution. Fortunately, urban green spaces have been considered as an effective element to mitigate UHI through their cooling effect. However, further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space. We observed the impacts of urban park's tree, grass and waterbody on microclimate inside the Olympic park of Beijing during summer days. The results indicated that, on average, the park was 0.48–1.12 °C cooler during the day, as well as increased air humidity 2.39–3.74% and reduced human comfort index 1.02–2.43 to generate more comfortable thermal environment. Urban park's cluster trees with short ground vegetation generated higher cooling effect than single trees, grass and waterbodies; proper irrigation regime enhanced the cooling effect of grasses, even the irrigated grass have similar cooling effect with small waterbody on sunny, windless summer days. Therefore, we advise to increase undergrowth coverage and grass irrigation management in order to take advantage of cooling effect of urban parks.     

天津经济技术开发区绿地土壤盐分动态变化特征

【目的】掌握天津经济技术开发区土壤盐分的动态变化及分布情况,保证城市绿地的可持续性。【方法】通过长期定位监测,分析了研究区2007―2014年的土壤含盐量及pH值。【结果】研究区土壤含盐量整体上均呈逐年降低趋势,截至2014年3月研究区0～80 cm各层次土壤含盐量均在0.11%～0.14%之间,已经达到了滨海地区绿化种植土壤标准对土壤含盐量要求;土壤pH值整体随时间呈波动减小趋势,土壤pH值整体下降了0.33;研究区绿地土壤含盐量分布不均,但随着时间变化,研究区土壤总体的盐分水平分布的均一性有所提高,研究区土壤pH值分布较为均一。【结论】"暗管排盐"措施对天津经济技术开发区的绿地土壤盐分调控效果良好,但仍要加强对绿地土壤水盐动态的监测,减少土壤次生盐渍化的发生。     

Degradation of the urban ecosystem function due to soil sealing: involvement in the heat island phenomenon and hydrologic cycle in the Tokyo metropolitan area

ABSTRACT

We reviewed the role of the soil function of urban green space in mitigating the heat island phenomenon and urban flood damage, which are important issues in the modern urban environment. Urban sprawl has progressed remarkably in the southern part of the Kanto District of Japan, especially since the 1960s. The grassland/bare land area ratio in the center of Tokyo was more than 70% in the 1930s but less than 40% in 1990. On the other hand, the paving area ratio was ~2% in the 1930s but more than 10 times that amount in 1990. Thus, cities, such as Tokyo, in the southern part of the Kanto District have been significantly sealed soil throughout time, and the heat island phenomenon has intensified. Urban green space helps to mitigate the heat island phenomenon based on the water retention and heat dissipation function of plants and unsealed soil. A cool island effect was reported during summer days in urban green spaces in Tokyo. The mitigation of the heat island effect seems to be large, even when conditions, such as the park area, land use, afforestation area ratio, and soil type, differ. Soil sealing and compaction affect urban flooding by hindering the penetration of rainwater and increasing surface runoff. According to a survey in the hilly basin (1 km²) of the western part of Tokyo, the proportion of farm- and forestland decreased due to development. The urban area increased from ~10% in the 1970s to ~60% in the 1980s. As a result, the flood arrival time shortened. Green spaces have a high rainwater permeability. The forest soil structure and presence of O horizons further increase the permeability. By promoting permeability to the underground, it is possible to reduce and delay the water runoff on the land surface. To develop urban green space as green infrastructure, it is necessary to accumulate more information on the current situation and agenda for the future of urban green space.