Genetic Diversity of Microsatellite LEI0258 in MHC-B Region of Royal Chicken

The aim of this study was to evaluate the polymorphism and evolution in royal chicken using the tandem repeat microsatellite LEI0258 located within the chicken major histocompatibility complex B region (MHC-B). Genomic DNA was extracted from forty blood samples of royal chicken and used to be genotyped and sequenced. Combining the published sequences,the analysis of allele and nucleotide polymorphism and median-joining network were carried out. A total of nine alleles ranging from 193 to 297 bp in 40 samples were found,five of which was novel for royal chicken. The observed heterozygosity,expected heterozygosity and polymorphic information content were 0.625,0.716 and 0.666,respectively. Three alleles were corresponding to six available serotypes. Alleles were classified into five clusters,based on the SNPs and indels found within the sequences flanking the repeats. The alleles of royal chicken existed in clades A and B,both of which were also found in Red junglefowl. The results suggested that royal chicken had a middle or high level of genetic diversity in microsatellite LEI0258,and that might originate from Red junglefowl.     

贵妃鸡MHC-B区域微卫星位点LEI0258遗传多样性研究

为研究贵妃鸡的遗传多样性,试验应用主要组织相容性复合体B区域（MHC-B）复合微卫星位点LEI0258测定了贵妃鸡的等位基因信息,结合已发表的序列,进行等位基因与核苷酸多态性、单倍型中介网络图分析。40份样品中共检测到9个等位基因,长度为193~297 bp,其中5个为贵妃鸡特有。观察杂合度（Ho）、期望杂合度（He）和多态信息含量（PIC）分别为0.625、0.716和0.666。3个等位基因与6种已知MHC血清型相匹配。基于侧翼区变异信息的中介网络图将等位基因分为5个进化枝,贵妃鸡9个等位基因分布于A和B进化枝中,这2个进化枝同样存在于红原鸡中。研究结果表明贵妃鸡保持着中等偏上的遗传多样性水平,可能起源于红原鸡。     

鸡MHC-B区域内复合微卫星LEI0258位点等位基因的序列变异

在对15个样品鸡MHC-B区域内复合微卫星位点LEI0258的等位基因进行基因型分析的基础上,进一步开展了等位基因PCR产物的直接测序或克隆测序,并将获得的序列与GenBank中的18条同源序列作了比较.结果表明:LEI0258位点等位基因片段大小分别为247bp、249bp、307bp、357bp、369bp、381bp、393bp或443bp的等位基因具有不同的DNA序列或结构;上、下游共有3个in/dels和7个SNPs;由12bp和13bp组成的重复单元中也存在一定的变异,其中,HRJ23中一个13bp的重复单元由标准的"CTATGTCTTCTTT"变为"CTATATCTTCTTT",HRJ5和JT01中各有一个12bp的重复单元由标准的"CTTTCCTTCTTT"变为"CTTC-CCTTCTTT",而HRJ5、HRJ15和P22中也各有一个12bp的重复单元由标准的"CTTTCCTTCTTT"变为"CTTTTCTTCTTT".     

Comparing management schemes for forest certification and timber-legality verification: Complementary or competitive in indonesia?

Indonesian small-scale forest holders are facing a dilemma due to the implementation of a mandatory national timber-legality verification scheme and an internationally popular forest certification scheme. The problems arise from limited financial, technical, and administrative information concerning the most preferred scheme and the “imperfection of such a scheme” for long-term business needs. Using the Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG) this paper identifies the characteristics of four third-party forest certification schemes currently working in Indonesia, namely FSC, PEFC, LEI, and SVLK. An online questionnaire was used to survey a wide range of respondents about the future development of contested schemes and those preferred by small-scale forest holders. Our findings show that although FSC scheme obtained the highest score and is considered the best scheme according to the FCAG, small-scale forest holders prefer SVLK scheme, which had the lowest FCAG score because of its mandatory nature and available subsidies. Statements by the four schemes’ proponents, which delegitimize other schemes, reveal they are in competition especially in winning market acceptance and local adaptability. Finally, we suggest proponents enhance aspects where their schemes are lacking and contrive a comparable certification scheme in order to induce willingness to be certified.