基于Argo数据的中西太平洋鲣渔获量与水温、表层盐度关系的初步研究

根据上海金汇远洋渔业公司2007年度在中西太平洋海域进行鲣Katsuwonus pelamis围网作业的生产数据以及Argo剖面浮标数据，利用地理信息系统软件Arcview，按1°×1°的格式绘制了各月产量、表层温度、表层盐度以及50m和200m水层温度等，并对数据进行了综合分析。结果表明：鲣的高渔获量区域主要分布于150°～153°E、160°-161°E，0°～2°S的水域；2007年最高月产量和最高单网平均日产量（CPUE）的月份分别为8月和2月；通过K—S检验，2007年最适表层温度为29．3～30．1℃，最适表层盐度为34．0～35．2；0～200m、50～200m水层的垂直温差为11℃时，渔获量达到最大。Shapiro—wilk正态性检验结果表明，渔获量与0—200m、50—200m水层的垂直温差服从正态分布关系。上述结论符合生产实践中获得的情况，表明Argo数据可以应用于渔业生产和科研中。     

金枪鱼酶解液脱色工艺及其对腥味物质和金属元素的影响

为了研究活性炭对金枪鱼酶解液脱色的最佳条件,本文利用活性炭对金枪鱼暗色肉酶解液进行处理,研究活性炭添加量、pH值、温度(T)和脱色时间(t)对脱色率和蛋白质损失率的影响,采用正交试验对脱色工艺进行优化,同时探究了活性炭脱色工艺对酶解液腥味物质和金属元素含量的影响.结果表明,金枪鱼暗色肉酶解液最佳脱色条件为活性炭添加量3％、pH值3.0、温度70℃、时间1h.该条件下脱色率为89.77％±0.77％,蛋白质损失率为13.47％±0.72％;脱色后酶解液挥发性物质含量降低了85.39％,其中三甲胺、己醛、壬醛等特征腥味物质显著降低;活性炭对Pb的吸附作用较明显,其吸附率为93.2％,而对其他金属元素的吸附率不大.研究表明,经过活性炭处理过的酶解液颜色浅,腥味低,具有一定的应用前景,可为酶解液的进一步利用提供依据.     

Assessment of plastic ingestion by pole-caught pelagic predatory fish from O'ahu,Hawai'i

1. Although the frequency of occurrence of plastic ingestion in the large-sized dolphinfish and tunas taken by the Hawai'i longline fishery is very low (frequency of occurrence < 5% of sampled individuals), the ingestion of plastic in smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line gear by commercial and recreational fishers has not been investigated.
2. This study examined ingestion of >0.25 mm marine plastic debris (MPD) by four predatory fish species caught by commercial fishers around the Main Hawaiian Islands, and documented ingestion in three species: 85.7% of albacore tuna (n = 7), 40.0% of skipjack tuna (n = 10) and 12.5% of dolphinfish (n = 8).
3. Yellowfin tuna (n = 10) did not contain any MPD, probably owing to the high proportion of empty stomachs (60%).
4. For skipjack tuna, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was significantly higher for the smaller-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line (40%), compared with the larger-sized specimens caught with longlines (0%).
5. For dolphinfish, the frequency of occurrence of MPD ingestion was similar for the similar-sized specimens caught with pole-and-line and with longlines.
6. The ingested MPD items were micro–meso plastics, between 1 and 25 mm. While most ingested items were fragments, albacore also ingested line and skipjack also ingested sheets.
7. The predatory fishes ingested light MPD items that float in sea water, but there were species-specific differences in their polymer composition: albacore contained more polypropylene and polyethylene, and skipjack contained more elastomers, characterized by a high percentage of ester plasticizers.
8. Altogether, these results suggest that albacore and skipjack tunas ingest plastic of different types and polymers. Yet more research is needed to understand how differences in vertical distribution, foraging ecology and diet influence the MPD sampled by these predatory fish species.

     

基于不同模型研究环境因子对中西太平洋鲣资源丰度的影响

根据1998—2013年中西太平洋鲣(Katsuwonus pelamis)生产数据,选取时空因子(年、月、经纬度)和环境因子[海表面温度(SST)、海表面高度(SSH)、尼诺指数(ONI)和叶绿素a浓度]Chl-a)],通过两种不同的模型(广义加性模型GAM和提升回归树模型BRT)研究各因子对鲣资源丰度(以CPUE表示)的影响。研究结果认为,GAM模型中,经度对CPUE的影响最大,累计解释偏差超过50%,其次为纬度、年和月;在环境因子中,SSH最为重要,其次为ONI,而SST和Chl-a的影响相对较低。BRT模型分析结果与GAM分析结果类似,时空因子相对占据了重要的地位,其中经度的影响最大,其次为年、纬度和月;而在环境因子中,ONI的重要性相对更高,其次为SSH,SST和Chl-a同样影响较低。研究认为,两种模型均能较好地反映出因子对CPUE的影响。由于厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜现象引起的海洋环境变化会使鲣资源分布产生差异,因此在后续的渔情预报研究中,应该更多地考虑将ONI因子纳入渔情预报模型中,以提高预测精度。     

3种鲣鱼背部肌肉的营养成分分析及评价

分析与评价了鲣（Katsuwonus pelamis）、东方狐鲣（Sarda orientalis）和扁舵鲣（Auxis thazard）3种鲣鱼背部肌肉的营养成分。结果显示：1）3种鲣鱼的粗蛋白质量分数为22.86%～24.65%,粗脂肪质量分数为1.41%～2.51%,3种鲣鱼均含有丰富的常量和微量元素;2）鲣和东方狐鲣背部肌肉均检出17种脂肪酸,而扁舵鲣检出23种,其∑PUFA/∑SFA分别为1.17、0.93和1.14,n-6/n-3系∑PUFA值分别为0.07、0.04和0.11,此外,鲣背部肌肉的多不饱和脂肪酸相对质量分数为38.98%,高于东方狐鲣的33.64%和扁舵鲣的37.93%;3）东方狐鲣背部肌肉的必需氨基酸质量分数和必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）分别为35.10%和0.90,略高于鲣的33.95%和0.89与扁舵鲣的32.51%和0.89。     

金枪鱼鱼骨胶原肽的制备及抗氧化活性研究

为制备金枪鱼鱼骨胶原肽,并对其抗氧化活性进行研究,利用酶解、超滤、凝胶色谱和反相高效液相色谱制备抗氧化胶原肽,采用氨基酸序列分析仪测定其氨基酸序列,利用质谱(ESIMS)确定其分子量,采用羟自由基、DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除实验和脂质过氧化抑制实验对胶原肽抗氧化能力进行评价。结果显示,金枪鱼鱼骨胶原蛋白经胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶2步酶解和分离纯化得到1个十肽(TFCH-P2),经氨基酸序列分析和质谱(ESIMS)确定其氨基酸序列为Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Glu-Gln-Gly(GPAGPAGQEG),分子量为839.87 u([M+H]+840.68 u)。体外抗氧化实验结果表明,GPAGPAGQEG对羟自由基(EC500.18 mg/mL)、DPPH自由基(EC500.97 mg/mL)、ABTS自由基(EC500.52 mg/mL)和超氧阴离子自由基(EC500.38 mg/mL)具有良好的清除作用;GPAGPAGQEG亦显示出良好的脂质过氧化抑制作用。研究表明,胶原肽GPAGPAGQEG抗氧化活性良好,可以用于抗氧化相关的功能食品、药物或者食品添加剂。     

Influence of Amino Acid Compositions and Peptide Profiles on Antioxidant Capacities of Two Protein Hydrolysates from Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) Dark Muscle

Influence of amino acid compositions and peptide profiles on antioxidant capacities of two protein hydrolysates from skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) dark muscle was investigated. Dark muscles from skipjack tuna were hydrolyzed using five separate proteases, including pepsin, trypsin, Neutrase, papain and Alcalase. Two hydrolysates, ATH and NTH, prepared using Alcalase and Neutrase, respectively, showed the strongest antioxidant capacities and were further fractionated using ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. Two fractions, Fr.A3 and Fr.B2, isolated from ATH and NTH, respectively, showed strong radical scavenging activities toward 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals (EC₅₀ 1.08% ± 0.08% and 0.98% ± 0.07%), hydroxyl radicals (EC₅₀ 0.22% ± 0.03% and 0.48% ± 0.05%), and superoxide anion radicals (EC₅₀ 1.31% ± 0.11% and 1.56% ± 1.03%) and effectively inhibited lipid peroxidation. Eighteen peptides from Fr.A3 and 13 peptides from Fr.B2 were isolated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined. The elevated antioxidant activity of Fr.A3 might be due to its high content of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues (181.1 and 469.9 residues/1000 residues, respectively), small molecular sizes (3–6 peptides), low molecular weights (524.78 kDa), and amino acid sequences (antioxidant score 6.11). This study confirmed that a smaller molecular size, the presence of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acid residues, and the amino acid sequences were the key factors that determined the antioxidant activities of the proteins, hydrolysates and peptides. The results also demonstrated that the derived hydrolysates and fractions from skipjack tuna (K. pelamis) dark muscles could prevent oxidative reactions and might be useful for food preservation and medicinal purposes.     

中西太平洋人工集鱼装置禁渔期措施对中国大陆金枪鱼围网船队鲣产量特征的影响

为研究中西太平洋人工集鱼装置禁渔期措施对中国大陆金枪鱼围网船队鲣Katsuwonus pelamis产量特征的影响,通过收集2012—2015年中国大陆金枪鱼围网船队在中西太平洋的渔捞日志数据,对漂流人工集鱼装置(FADs)禁渔期和非禁渔期鲣的产量特征进行分析比较。结果表明:2012—2015年鲣产量占总渔获量的比例均超过80%,并没有发生明显波动;鲣渔获产量比例在2015年的非禁渔期出现明显的下降;2012年以后,鲣的平均单船产量和平均网次产量均明显下降,这可能与禁渔期的延长有关;K-S检验结果显示,2012—2015年,禁渔期与非禁渔期鲣的平均单船产量和平均网次产量均存在显著性差异(P0.05);禁渔期结束后第一个月鲣的平均单船产量和平均网次产量均达到或接近全年最高水平。研究表明,中西太平洋海域FADs禁渔期的实施和延长会对中国大陆金枪鱼围网船队捕捞鲣造成一定程度的影响,业界需提高针对自由鱼群的捕捞效率,以适应日益严格的养护管理措施。     

Predicting skipjack tuna forage distributions in the equatorial Pacific using a coupled dynamical bio-geochemical model

Skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) contributes ≈70% of the total tuna catch in the Pacific Ocean. This species occurs in the upper mixed-layer throughout the equatorial region, but the largest catches are taken from the warmpool in the western equatorial Pacific. Analysis of catch and effort data for US purse seine fisheries in the western Pacific has demonstrated that one of the most successful fishing grounds is located in the vicinity of a convergence zone between the warm (>28–29°C) low-salinity water of the warmpool and the cold saline water of equatorial upwelling in the central Pacific (Lehodey et al ., 1997). This zone of convergence, identified by a well-marked salinity front and approximated by the 28.5°C isotherm, oscillates zonally over several thousands of km in correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The present study focuses on the prediction of skipjack tuna forage that is expected to be a major factor in explaining the basin-scale distribution of the stock. It could also explain the close relation between displacements of skipjack tuna and the convergence zone on the eastern edge of the warmpool. A simple bio-geochemical model was coupled with a general circulation model, allowing reasonable predictions of new primary production in the equatorial Pacific from mid-1992 to mid-1995. The biological transfer of this production toward tuna forage was simply parameterized according to the food chain length and redistributed by the currents using the circulation model. Tuna forage accumulated in the convergence zone of the horizontal currents, which corresponds to the warmpool/equatorial upwelling boundary. Predicted forage maxima corresponded well with high catch rates.