甘薯基因组NBS-LRR类抗病家族基因挖掘与分析

NBS-LRR类基因家族是植物抗病R基因(Resistance gene)数量最多的一类,具有NBS (Nucleotide-binding site)和LRR (Leucine-leucine-repeat)结构域。甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)栽培种基因组已完成测序,但尚未注释,本研究对甘薯基因组序列进行外显子预测,得到甘薯染色体组全基因组蛋白序列,在此基础上进一步对NBS-LRR家族基因鉴定和分析表明,甘薯基因组中含有379个NBS-LRR家族基因,占全基因组基因总数的0.212%,其中N型亚家族120个,NL型103个, CNL型133个, TNL型22个, PN型1个。所有染色体上均有NBS-LRR家族基因分布,但数量明显不同,其中有60.9%的NBS-LRR基因序列呈簇状分布。NBS-LRR基因序列有15个保守结构域,在N端较为保守。研究结果为甘薯进一步开展NBS-LRR家族基因的功能研究和抗性育种提供了参考。     

Considering the preferences for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: a case study from a hydroponic culture experiment

Although preference for NH₄⁺, NO₃^? or a combination of the two often differs among species, we know little about the responses of invasive plants to different inorganic N forms. Furthermore, many studies have suggested that an increase in N availability may facilitate further invasions. However, most of these studies predicted the positive feedback without considering the preference for N forms of invasive plants. Therefore, we cultivated four common invasive species (Mikania micrantha, Ipomoea cairica, Wedelia trilobata and Bidens pilosa) in South China with hydroponic media containing different forms of N (i.e. NO₃^?, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄⁺) at equimolar concentrations. Our results showed that the N forms significantly affected the growth, biomass allocation and physiological traits of the plants. All four invasive plants supplied with NO₃^? alone had better performance and greater allocation to root biomass than did plants that were supplied with NH₄⁺ alone. Moreover, the photosynthetic rate, pigment content and photosystem II activity of plants supplied with NO₃^? or NH₄NO₃ were significantly higher than those of plants supplied with NH₄⁺alone. The results suggested that all four invasive plants preferred NO₃^? rather than NH₄⁺, and changes in NO₃^? played an important role in furthering the invasions of these plants than did changes in NH₄⁺. Our results implied that decreasing NO₃^? may be a useful tool for controlling and managing invasive plants preferring NO₃^?. In addition, this study highlighted the importance of considering plant N form preference to better understand plant invasions.     

现代生物技术在甘薯育种中的应用

现代生物技术攻克了过去在甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)育种中无法解决的难题。诱变育种、细胞工程、分子标记和基因工程等现代生物技术已在甘薯选育、品质改良、增强抗病虫性等方面上发挥了非常重要的作用。综述了诱变育种、细胞工程、分子标记和基因工程等现代生物技术在甘薯育种中的研究与利用概况。     

Interaction of plant genotype and management in the persistence of a perennial grass exposed to grazing and soil fertility stresses

Increased stocking rates under typical pasture improvement practices in southern Australia have often been associated with low persistence by sown perennial grasses subjected to continuous stocking. Cultivars of the perennial grass phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), which is widely used in southern Australia, vary in their phenology and growth habit. Winter‐active cultivars have also been developed with improved stress tolerances, viz. heavy grazing pressure (Holdfast GT) and acid soils (Advanced AT). This study examined the persistence of phalaris genotypes over 4 years under five management treatments: high P‐high stocking rate (18 sheep per hectare) rotationally stocked (HPRS); high P‐high stocking rate continuously stocked (HPCS); high P‐intermediate stocking rate (13·5 sheep per hectare) continuously stocked (HPCS13.5); low P‐low stocking rate (9 sheep per hectare) rotationally stocked (LPRS); and low P‐low stocking rate continuously stocked (LPCS). Basal frequency of phalaris declined rapidly under HPCS and LPCS in the first year of treatments when periods of low herbage mass occurred under low rainfall. Basal frequency in high P treatments stabilized and partially recovered but continued to decline in low P treatments. Holdfast GT survived the early decline in the HPCS treatment better than other winter‐active cultivars and similar to a known grazing tolerant, semi‐winter‐dormant cultivar. Advanced AT and older winter‐active cultivars were sensitive to continuous stocking but persisted better under rotational stocking or under a reduced rate of continuous stocking (HPCS13.5). Rotational management clearly promoted persistence of winter‐active phalaris, but long‐term persistence will be better ensured by combining management with the use of genotypes with grazing tolerance traits.     

星云湖种植空心菜生长量及净化湖水效果分析

针对当前星云湖中度富营养化(劣V类)水质的实际问题,采用漂浮种植设施直接在星云湖湖面种植空心菜(Ipomoea aquatica),开展适应性生长试验和湖水养分吸收净化试验的研究。结果表明:空心菜能够很好地适应生长于低浓度养分的星云湖水体环境(全N 2.41 mg·L~(-1)、水溶性N 2.00 mg·L~(-1)、水溶性P 0.46 mg·L~(-1)),并且前期表现为较短的缓苗期(7 d),后期则枝叶生长旺盛;在空心菜的6次茎叶收割周期中,其生长量呈现出"先增后降"的趋势,且茎叶生长量较高,空心菜的茎叶鲜重达75 555 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),生长量为1 260 kg·hm-2·d-1;空心菜的养分含量主要分配在茎叶,茎叶中总N、总P、总K含量分别为3.43%、0.74%、6.25%;空心菜对星云湖湖水养分具有较强的吸收净化能力,吸收星云湖湖水中的N、P、K量分别为259.05、55.21、469.84 kg·hm~(-3)·a~(-1),净化星云湖湖水的量以水溶性N、水溶性P、水溶性K计,分别为129 525、120 022、34 220 m~3·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);空心菜的生长量与茎叶养分吸收量和湖水养分量之间存在一定的相关性。利用空心菜漂浮种植于星云湖水面,产生了明显的经济效益及显著的生态效益。     

沼泽红假单胞菌的分离鉴定及对蕹菜生长的影响

从引进的日本土壤改良剂中富集分离得到1株光合细菌,通过形态学观察及生理生化特性鉴定,鉴定为该菌株属于红假单胞菌属。以泰国柳叶蕹菜为试验材料,用GRH-507菌液稀释500倍在蕹菜幼苗期、生长期进行叶面喷施,以等量的清水作对照,在成熟期调查蕹菜的产量。结果表明,喷施500倍GRH-507菌液稀释液能提高蕹菜的产量,两次收割产量分别比对照增产31.03%、20.74%。     

Diallel analysis of sweetpotatoes for resistance to sweetpotato virus disease

Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) is due to the dual infection and synergistic interaction of Sweetpotato feathery mottle potyvirus (SPFMV) and Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt crinivirus(SPCSV), and causes up to 98% yield loss in sweetpotato in East Africa. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to SPVD in sweetpotato and to estimate the nature of genetic variance. Ten parental clones varying in reaction to SPVD were crossed in a half diallel mating design to generate 45 full-sib families. The families were graft-inoculated with SPCSV and SPFMV to induce SPVD and evaluated for resistance in a randomized complete block design at two sites in Namulonge, Uganda during 1998–2000. In serological assays for SPFMV and SPCSV,resistance to symptom development and recovery from initial systemic SPVD symptoms, characterised resistant genotypes. Genetic component analysis showed significant effects for both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) for resistance to SPVD. GCA to SCA variance component ratios were large (0.51–0.87), hence GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Resistant parents exhibited high GCA indicating that additive gene effects were predominant in the inheritance of resistance to SPVD and recovery. Narrow-sense heritability (31–41%) and broad-sense heritability (73–98%) were moderate to high, indicating that rapid genetic gains for SPVD resistance could be accomplished by mass selection breeding techniques. Two genotypes, New Kawogo and Sowola, had high negative GCA effects and had several families in specific crosses,which exhibited rapid recovery from SPVD,and are promising parents for enhancement of SPVD resistance and recovery. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同生境对五爪金龙部分生理指标的影响

五爪金龙Ipomoea cairica(L.)Sweet是南方广大地区危害严重的入侵杂草之一。采用电导率法和分光光度法,测定了5个不同的自然生境中五爪金龙的相对电导率和叶绿素含量等生理指标,并进行方差分析。结果表明:不同生境中,五爪金龙的质膜透性之间的差异部分达到显著水平;除了生境4、5之间外,其叶绿素a、b及总含量均达到极显著水平。     

Inhibitory effect of Ipomoea aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat intestinal preparation

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of Ipomoea aquatica aqueous and dichloromethane/methanol extracts on the glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. Extracts orally tested at the dose of 160 mg/kg exerted a significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption when compared with control animals. The most pronounced effect was observed with the aqueous extract. Ouabain used as reference inhibitor strongly inhibited glucose absorption. On the other hand both plant extracts inhibited the gastrointestinal motility suggesting that the inhibition of glucose absorption is not due to the acceleration of intestinal transit.     

甘薯台龟甲对五爪金龙的取食力测定

试验结果表明,甘薯台龟甲幼虫对五爪金龙具有较强的取食力,取食力随着虫口密度的增加而增强。幼虫期的取食力(y)和投放1龄幼虫密度(x)的线性关系式为y=19.32+11.36x。每个叶片投放1龄幼虫2头,8d后取食力可达100%。甘薯台龟甲成虫对五爪金龙的取食力更为显著,每叶放虫1头,6d后取食量达100%,且取食力随着虫口密度的上升而提高。放虫后6d的取食力和成虫密度的对数关系式为y=51.09+120.67logx。成虫的投放密度达到1头/叶,6d后叶片就能100%被取食。