HYDRUS模型与遥感集合卡尔曼滤波同化提高土壤水分监测精度

精确地估测干旱区土壤水分含量,对该区域的农业发展与水土保持具有重要意义。该文以MODIS与Landsat TM数据为数据源,利用其反演获得的条件温度植被指数(temperature-vegetation drought Index,TVDI)作为观测算子,将集合卡尔曼滤波(ensemble Kalman filter,En-KF)同化方法应用于水文模型(HYDRUS-1D),进行干旱区表层土壤水分的模拟。结果表明:遥感数据反演土壤水分所构建的二维特征空间TVDI与表层土壤水分有较好的一致性;En-KF同化方法对模型变量与观测算子的更新,与单纯使用HYDRUS模型相比,获得的表层土壤水分含量精度有了明显提高,其均方根误差缩小了1个百分点,平均误差缩小了5个百分点。可见,基于多源遥感数据对表层土壤水分的En-KF同化模拟在干旱区具有较大的潜力,是提高干旱区土壤水分含水量监测精度的有效手段。     

滴灌条件下干旱区枣树根区的土壤水分动态模拟

【目的】探明干旱区滴灌条件下枣树根区土壤水分的动态变化规律。【方法】以根系分布和土壤水分动态资料为基础,用考虑二维根系吸水的HYDRUS模型对滴灌条件下枣树根区土壤水分动态进行模拟,用含水率的模拟值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)和相对均方误差(RMAE)检验模拟效果。【结果】(1)各层土壤水分90d内的动态模拟结果显示,RMSE小于0.024cm3/cm3,RMAE小于14.2%;(2)典型灌溉周期剖面含水率分布的模拟结果显示,RMSE小于0.016cm3/cm3,RMAE小于5.6%。【结论】模拟结果表明,试验灌溉定额(450m3/hm2)合理,灌溉周期需调整,说明该模型可以准确反映干旱区滴灌枣树土壤水分的动态分布,可为灌溉制度的制定提供理论依据。     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

Evaluation of fertigation scheduling for sugarcane using a vadose zone flow and transport model

Micro-irrigation has become an optimal means for providing water and nutrients to crops. There is an ample space for improving fertilizer use efficiency with micro-irrigation, if the movement and reactions of fertilizers in the soil are well understood. However, the rhizosphere dynamics of nutrients is very complex, depending on many factors such as soil temperature, pH, water content, and soil and plant characteristics. Many factors cannot be easily accurately quantified. However, using state-of-the-art modelling techniques, useful and reliable information can be derived.An attempt was made to evaluate the reactive transport of urea in the root zone of a sugarcane crop under drip irrigation, and to quantify the fluxes of urea, ammonium, and nitrate into the crop roots, volatilization fluxes, and deep drainage using a numerical model. This quantification helped in designing an optimal fertigation schedule. Various parameters used in the model were taken from either the literature or the field study. A typical scenario, based on the recommended total quantity of urea for sugar cane crop under drip irrigation in India, was tested using HYDRUS-2D. The total amount of urea was divided into fortnightly doses, depending on the stage of crop growth. For this scenario, the modelled crop uptake was found to be 30% higher than the crop demand. Consequently, an optimal fertigation schedule was developed that reduced the use of urea by 30% while at the same time providing enough N for its assimilation at all stages of crop growth. This type of modelling study should be used before planning field experiments for designing optimal fertigation schedules.     

地下水埋深对棉花灌溉制度的影响

针对黑龙港流域地下水位总体趋势持续下降的现象,结合沧州市南皮县棉田的原位试验,采用HYDRUS 1D模型进行数值模拟,分析不同地下水埋深条件下,地下水对棉花根系层的补给作用对灌溉制度的影响。结果表明,当全生育期地下水平均埋深为1.5、2m时,地下水对棉花根系层的补给量相当于实验棉田0.5~1.5倍的灌水定额。由此制定3种(1.5、2、3m)地下水埋深条件下不同降水水平年的棉田灌溉制度:播前灌之后,50%水平年不再灌溉;75%水平年当地下水平均埋深为3m时,灌一次花铃水;85%水平年在地下水平均埋深为2、3m时,各灌一次花铃水。地下水补给作用对棉花根系层土壤含水率存在着不可忽视的影响,特别是当地下水埋深不超过2m时制定棉田的灌溉制度应充分考虑地下水的补给作用。     

基于HYDRUS对稻田不同阶段土壤水分的模拟与分析

在稻田淹水到排水干田的过程中,稻田的土壤水分由饱和态转为非饱和态,这一过程中稻田土壤水分运移规律的变化以及水量各平衡要素的转化对稻田水分管理以及减缓农业面源污染等方面具有实际意义.为探寻稻田不同阶段土壤水分状况下的差异性,基于重庆丘陵区紫色土常规轮作水稻土壤水分的连续监测数据,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对稻田淹水、排水落干和收获后3个不同干湿阶段(阶段Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ)的土壤水力参数和土壤含水量开展验证模拟分析.研究表明:(1) 根据R²与RMSE的误差分析结果,HYDRUS可以实现对不同阶段稻田土壤水分变化的有效模拟.(2) 根据土壤水量平衡分析,阶段Ⅰ的稻田土壤水分以水分补充的形式为主;阶段Ⅱ和Ⅲ的土壤水分以水分损失为主,底层渗漏量分别占总水分损失量的52%和95%.(3)根据HYDRUS的模拟结果,降雨直接影响土壤上下边界流的变化;阶段Ⅱ的实际作物蒸腾量和实际地表蒸发量低于阶段Ⅰ的,阶段Ⅲ稻田土壤的地表实际蒸发量与日照时数的关系更密切.     

微咸水灌溉条件下含黏土夹层土壤的水盐运移规律

黏土夹层影响着土壤水盐运移及分布,为了研究在含黏土夹层的土壤中进行微咸水灌溉时土壤的水盐运移规律,进行了春小麦微咸水灌溉大田试验,并在此基础上运用数值模型对土壤盐分累积趋势进行了模拟预测。结果表明,黏土夹层对土壤水盐运移具有显著的阻碍作用,黏土夹层以上土壤平均含水量、含盐量呈随灌溉水矿化度增大而增加的趋势,黏土夹层以下各处理土壤水盐分布几乎不受微咸水灌溉的影响;大定额冬溉洗盐后,各处理0～70 cm土层最大积盐率仍高达65.7%,部分盐分滞留在黏土夹层以上;土壤盐分分布预测结果表明,微咸水连续灌溉5 a后,灌溉水矿化度为4和5 g/L的处理土壤盐渍化倾向明显,不宜在含黏土夹层地区长期使用矿化度>3 g/L的微咸水进行灌溉,否则将对土壤环境产生严重危害。     

运用土壤水盐运移模型优化棉花微咸水膜下滴灌制度

为优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度,利用HYDRUS建立含根系吸水项的土壤水盐运移数值模拟模型,并用田间试验资料进行参数识别和模型验证。用验证认可的数值模型优化设计棉花微咸水膜下滴灌和非生育期洗盐灌溉制度,并预测棉花生育期水盐运移规律和长期效应。结果表明:模型仿真度较高、运行速度较快;T检验说明土壤含水率和电导率模拟值与实测值均无显著差异;模型参数中形状系数α、n对含水率影响较大,纵向弥散度DL对电导率影响较大;当地膜下滴灌适合生育期一膜双管、低额高频灌溉,并结合非生育期1年1次或2年1次大水漫灌洗盐,20a的模拟结果显示此灌溉制度下不会引起土壤次生盐渍化。     

Numerical analysis of soil water dynamics in a soil column with an artificial capillary barrier growing leaf vegetables

An artificial capillary barrier (CB ), which consists of two layers of gravel and coarse sand, was used to improve the soil water retention capacity of the root zone of sandy soil for the cultivation of Japanese spinach (Brassica rapa var. perviridis ). The performance of a CB under specific conditions can be evaluated using numerical simulations. However, there have been relatively few numerical studies analyzing soil water dynamics in CB systems during crop growth. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the performance of a CB during the cultivation of Japanese spinach irrigated at different rates and (ii) to investigate the effect of the irrigation schedule on root water uptake. Numerical analysis was performed using HYDRUS ‐1D after the soil hydraulic properties of the CB materials were determined. In most cases, the HYDRUS ‐1D results agreed well with the experimental soil water content data without any calibration when the dual‐porosity model describing soil hydraulic properties was used for gravel and coarse sand. We found that the dual‐porosity model was able to attenuate the unrealistically steep reduction in the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity predicted by the single‐porosity model. The numerical simulations also showed that the CB played an important role in maintaining plant‐available water in the root zone while maximizing the water use efficiency. The numerical simulations revealed that the irrigation frequency could be reduced by half during the early growth stage, and the water use efficiency could be greatly improved with the CB layer installed.     

确定田块尺度土壤水力参数不同方法的比较研究

结合不同类型的大田试验数据,分别利用瞬时剖面法、HYDRUS反演方法、直接方法反求土壤水力参数。将所得参数代入HYDRUS正演程序,分别预测试验后期剖面含水率,并与实测值对比。结果表明,瞬时剖面法与HYDRUS反演方法预测结果相近且优于直接方法。在实测范围内,前2种方法所得参数虽略有差异,但预测结果和表征的水力性质基本一致。直接方法由于试验尺度小、对土壤扰动大,结果并不理想。对比求参工作量,2种反演方法小于直接方法。2种反演方法计算成本对比,瞬时剖面法比HYDRUS反演方法更有优势。