Effects of three methionine sources in diets on temporal B0AT1 and ASCT2 mRNA expression in different intestinal segments of cobia,Rachycentron canadum

A 4‐week feeding trial was conducted using five groups of hybrid grouper (61.15 ± 0.15 g) to explore the potential effects of three methionine (Met) sources. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated that included a fishmeal (FM) diet; nonsupplemented (NS) diet; or NS diets with the addition of the L‐methionine (L‐Met), DL‐methionine (DL‐Met), or coated Met (Co‐Met) to obtain the same Met level as the FM diet. Fish were randomly distributed into sea cages (30 fish per cage). Weight gain and specific growth rate in the DL‐Met group and FM group were significantly higher than those in all other groups (p < .05). In the proximal and distal intestines, of the 20 gene and time combinations (10 per gene), there were 14 combinations (70%) in which there were no significant differences in gene expression levels between the FM and DL‐Met groups (p > .05). The main reason for the same growth effect between the DL‐Met and FM groups may be attributed to the synchronized absorption at most time points after feeding, which had similar expression patterns of B⁰AT1 and ASCT2 of the proximal and distal intestines between two groups.     

Crop use and profile distribution of phosphorus in soils that developed on mafic rocks in southern Portugal

The phytoavailability of soil phosphorus (P) depends on the different forms in which it occurs and how these forms change after the application of P fertiliser to the soil. Forms of P in the A, B and C horizons of eleven pedons that developed on mafic rocks were characterised by a fractionation method before and after fertilisation with single superphosphate, and a micropot experiment was conducted to assess the short-term use of P fertiliser by rye (Secale cereale L.). The main sources of P to the crop were (i) phosphate adsorbed on mineral surfaces and pedogenic Fe, Al or Ca phosphates in the A horizon and (ii) Ca-phosphates in B and C horizons. In the C horizons, poor in Fe/Al phases and clay, the precipitated Ca-P showed low solubility, resulting in a reduction in shoot biomass. The apparent P recovery by rye was similar in the A (36%) and B (29%) but decreased in the C (15%) horizons. The partial factor productivity (g g^?1) decreased from the A (58) to B (11) and C (5) horizons. P phytoavailability decreased with increasing profile depth because the transformation of P fertiliser to poorly soluble Ca-P forms increased with depth.     

番茄斑萎病毒病抗性种质筛选及人工接种鉴定方法优化

对154份番茄材料(包括普通番茄76份,樱桃番茄78份)进行两年两次田间番茄斑萎病毒病的病情指数调查,筛选出14份对番茄斑萎病毒病具有稳定抗性的番茄材料,利用sw-5-2共显性SCAR标记对田间表现抗病的材料进行分子标记鉴定,发现3份抗病材料携带抗番茄斑萎病毒病的Sw-5基因。为缩短番茄斑萎病毒病人工接种鉴定周期,以含有sw-5的抗病材料H8和感病材料M82为研究对象,设置4、6、8、10片真叶4个接种时期,分别在接种后14、21、28 d进行病情指数调查和抗性分级,结果表明,6片真叶期接种,接种后28 d进行病情调查即可有效鉴别植株番茄斑萎病毒病抗性,与8、10片真叶期接种效果相同,人工接种抗病性鉴定效率显著提升。     

HPLC法测定谷子籽粒叶酸含量及种质资源评价

谷子籽粒中富含叶酸,作为一种功能性食品深受北方人民的喜爱,而作物籽粒,如小米叶酸测定方法及含量分析存在较大差异,为小米品质鉴定及高叶酸谷子种质筛选造成了一定困难。本研究通过"三酶法"提取小米中的叶酸,建立了一种基于高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)高效化、规模化且稳定适用于测定谷子籽粒叶酸含量的方法,对2016年和2017年种植的45个谷子种质进行叶酸含量测定和分类评价。结果表明:叶酸标准品梯度曲线呈线性方程相关,相关系数为0.99;小米样品叶酸测定过程中精密度、稳定性和重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为0.81%、1.19%和1.65%,各项指标符合精密测定标准,准确度高,重复性好;45个谷子种质籽粒叶酸含量分布范围为0.26～2.56μg/g(2016年度)和0.53～2.86μg/g(2017年度),含量均值分别为1.19和1.84μg/g,标准差0.47和0.51μg/g,变异系数39.5%和27.7%;对上述种质进行正态分布曲线分析,发现叶酸含量整体呈现偏度分布;从中筛选出9个高叶酸(含量≥1.91μg/g)和3个低叶酸(含量≤1.15μg/g)的谷子种质。上述结论为小米叶酸含量提供了测定标准和评价体系,也为高叶酸谷子种质创新与利用奠定了基础。     

Dynamics of post‐harvest pathogens Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. in plant residues in Dutch apple and pear orchards

Post‐harvest diseases of apple and pear cause significant losses. Neofabraea spp. and Cadophora spp. infect fruits during the growing season and remain quiescent until disease symptoms occur after several months in storage. Epidemiological knowledge of these diseases is limited. TaqMan PCR assays were developed for quantification of N. alba, N. perennans, C. malorum and C. luteo‐olivacea in environmental samples. Various host tissues, dead weeds and grasses, soil and applied composts were collected in 10 apple and 10 pear orchards in May 2012. Neofabraea alba was detected in 73% of samples from apple orchards and 48% from pear orchards. Neofabraea perennans was present in a few samples. Cadophora luteo‐olivacea was detected in 99% of samples from apple orchards and 93% from pear orchards, whilst C. malorum was not detected in any sample. In apple orchards, highest concentrations of N. alba were found in apple leaf litter, cankers and mummies, and of C. luteo‐olivacea in apple leaf litter, mummies and dead weeds. In pear orchards, N. alba and C. luteo‐olivacea were found in highest concentrations in pear leaf litter and in dead weeds. Substrate colonization varied considerably between orchards. The temporal dynamics of pathogens was followed in four apple orchards and four pear orchards. In apple orchards the colonization by pathogens decreased from April until August and increased from September until December. This pattern was less pronounced in pear. Knowledge on population dynamics is essential for the development of preventative measures to reduce risks of fruit infections during the growing season.     

植物来源药物联合抗肿瘤的研究进展

主要对长春碱、小檗碱、喜树碱和苦参碱等生物碱类、紫杉醇类药物联合抗肿瘤治疗进行了综述,并指出植物来源药物联合抗肿瘤的发展方向。     

我国草莓种质资源研究进展

介绍了我国栽培草莓和野生草莓的种质资源,概述了对草莓种质资源的综合评价和抗病性、抗逆性、果品品质风味等评价研究,介绍了分子标记在草莓种质鉴定研究中的应用。在此基础上,分析我国草莓育种存在的问题并提出展望。     

基于C、N同位素技术的河流食物网基础碳源研究进展

基础碳源是河流生态系统最重要的特征之一,它通过生物间能量传递,影响着河流生态系统生物多样性、群落结构及其稳定性。本文基于稳定性同位素技术综述了河流基础碳源类型、食物网能量贡献率估算模型、食物网基础碳源理论模型(河流生产力模型RPM、河流连续模型RCC和河流脉冲模型FPC)及其交互作用以及它们在实际应用上的利弊,介绍了能较好平衡各种模型利弊、适应于多样化水文特征的河流生态系统综合体(RES)新假说,并展望了稳定性同位素技术与非致命取样方法相结合建立长期河流同位素数据库的重要意义,旨在推动对河流生态系统中不同生物之间营养关系的理解,为河流生态系统的修复与保护提供理论依据。     

Replacement of Fishmeal by a Mixture of Soybean Meal and Chlorella Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Crucian Carp,Carassius auratus

A growth trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of a mixture of soybean meal and Chlorella meal (SCM) as a dietary fishmeal (FM) substitute on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs), digestive enzymatic activities, and histology of juvenile crucian carp, Carassius auratus. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated to replace 0 (SCM0), 25 (SCM25), 50 (SCM50), 75 (SCM75), and 100% (SCM100) of protein from FM with SCM, respectively. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile crucian carp for 6 wk. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, protein efficiency ratio, and intestinal digestive enzymatic activities (amylase, trypsin, and lipase) tended to decline with increasing FM replacement levels (P > 0.05). Dietary SCM substitution significantly influenced dry matter content in muscle, and crude protein and lipid contents in liver (P < 0.05). ADCs for dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, and most amino acids showed no significant differences between the control and SCM25 group, but tended to decline with replacement levels over 25%. Higher SCM substitution (50–100%) caused karyopyknosis and necrosis in liver, but intestinal histology did not show noticeable pathological changes. The present study indicated that FM could be replaced by 25% of SCM, without significant adverse growth performance, feed utilization, and histology of crucian carp.     

热带农业生态系统土壤肥力与植物养分综合管理研究进展

The greatest challenge for tropical agriculture is land degradation and reduction in soil fertility for sustainable crop and livestock production.Associated problems include soil erosion,nutrient mining,competition for biomass for multiple uses,limited application of inorganic fertilizers,and limited capacity of farmers to recognize the decline in soil quality and its consequences on productivity.Integrated soil fertility management(ISFM) is an approach to improve crop yields,while preserving sustainable and long-term soil fertility through the combined judicious use of fertilizers,recycled organic resources,responsive crop varieties,and improved agronomic practices,which minimize nutrient losses and improve the nutrient-use efficiency of crops.Soil fertility and nutrient management studies in Ethiopia under on-station and on-farm conditions showed that the combined application of inorganic and organic fertilizers significantly increased crop yields compared to either alone in tropical agro-ecosystems.Yield benefits were more apparent when fertilizer application was accompanied by crop rotation,green manuring,or crop residue management.The combination of manure and NP fertilizer could increase wheat and faba bean grain yields by 50%–100%,whereas crop rotation with grain legumes could increase cereal grain yields by up to 200%.Although organic residues are key inputs for soil fertility management,about 85% of these residues is used for livestock feed and energy;thus,there is a need for increasing crop biomass.The main incentive for farmers to adopt ISFM practices is economic benefits.The success of ISFM also depends on research and development institutions to provide technical support,technology adoption,information dissemination,and creation of market incentives for farmers in tropical agro-ecosystems.