水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物群落的影响

【目的】了解水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响,进而从土壤动物角度解读全球变化对荒漠草原的生态效应。【方法】2014年植物生长季,以内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,设置对照(CK,自然降雨状态)、减雨(R)、增雨(W)、施氮(N)、减雨施氮(R+N)和增雨施氮(WN)6个处理,观测不同处理中小型土壤动物群落和土壤环境参数的变化。【结果】短花针茅荒漠草原共捕获中小型土壤动物333 079.5只/m~2,隶属于节肢动物门的4纲10目47科,主要为弹尾纲(Collembola)、蛛形纲(Arachnida)和昆虫纲(Insecta);优势类群为疣虫兆科(Neanoridae)和等节科(Isotomidae),优势类群和常见类群构成了研究样地中小型土壤动物群落的主体。增雨、增雨施氮有助于提高短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物个体密度,减雨、减雨施氮处理减少中小型土壤动物个体密度,且水氮交互作用对中小型土壤动物个体密度影响表现显著,而对类群数无显著影响。短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物具有明显表聚性,各处理下0~10cm土层个体密度和类群数显著高于10~20cm土层(P0.05)。【结论】在未来降雨增加和氮沉降的全球变化背景下,中小型土壤动物个体密度的变化可能会更大。     

Physical forcing on fish abundance in the southern California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current system with strong biological productivity largely due to seasonal wind‐driven upwelling and transport of the California Current (CC). Two independent, yet complementary time series, CalCOFI ichthyoplankton surveys and sampling of southern California power plant cooling‐water intakes, have indicated that an assemblage of predominantly cool‐water affinity fishes spanning nearshore to oceanic environments in the southern CCS has declined dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s. We examined potential oceanographic drivers behind this decline both within and north of the CalCOFI survey area in order to capture upstream processes as well. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses using output from a data‐assimilative regional ocean model revealed significant relationships between the fish time series and spatial patterns of upwelling, upper ocean heat content and eddy kinetic energy in the CCS. Correlation and linear regression analyses indicated that the declining trend in fish abundance was correlated with a suite of factors: reduced offshore and increased inshore upwelling; a long term warming trend combined with more recent interannual variability in ocean temperature; weaker eddy kinetic energy north of Point Conception (35°N), potentially indicating reduced transport of the California Current (CC); increased influence of the California Undercurrent (CUC); and a decline in zooplankton displacement volume across the southern CCS. Understanding how changes in oceanography affect fish populations will offer insights into managing fisheries in a changing climate.     

冬油菜与杂草对长期不同施肥的差异性适应

研究长期水旱轮作条件下,施肥模式对田间冬油菜、杂草、土壤养分及冬油菜–杂草空间分布的影响,为长江流域冬油菜轻简化生产提供依据。2011年在湖北省粮油主产区——江汉平原布置水稻–冬油菜轮作肥效定位试验。2016年冬油菜收获期,调查农田杂草群落多样性和分析油菜–杂草–土壤养分三者状况。结果表明,长期土壤养分亏缺会显著影响油菜–杂草的生长和空间分布、形成不同的杂草优势群落。平衡施肥(NPK处理)有助于增加冬油菜根茎粗、有效分枝数、角果数和最终产量,降低杂草总生物量,提高杂草群落多样性Shannon-Wiener指数。与NPK处理相比,–N、–P和–K均会不同程度地降低籽粒、茎秆、角壳和杂草的养分吸收量,尤以–P处理降幅最为明显。与土壤养分含量的初始值相比,长期不施用化肥会引起土壤氮磷钾有效含量下降,尤其对于土壤钾,现有平衡施肥措施不足以弥补农田钾素亏缺,应重视秸秆还田的补钾效果。总之,长期科学的农田养分管理与调控措施,不仅可以降低杂草对冬油菜的危害、增强生物多样性和形成良性的油菜-杂草竞争环境,也有利于减少化学药剂使用、推动冬油菜的轻简化生产。     

Positionality and protocol in field research: Undertaking community‐based investigations in Samoa

This article considers the experiences of a Samoan female geographer undertaking community‐based field research in her home country, and identifies some lessons for researchers working in similar circumstances. The paper suggests that ethical behaviour in research is ‘place‐specific’, and there is therefore a need to employ culturally sensitive and ‘location‐specific’ methodologies when undertaking community‐based research fieldwork. For the lead researcher, growing up in Samoa played a significant role in gaining an understanding of a set of robust and effective procedures to evaluate citizens' resilience to climatic and other environmental challenges. Fluency in everyday and more formal local languages, and awareness of local differences, each with multi‐layered connections to local communities, understanding cultural nuances and practising respect for va tapuia [sacred space or relationships] protocols, together facilitated the process of knowledge acquisition and helped to confirm the validity of the conclusions derived from the study.     

沙质草地植物群落及土壤质地对补播和翻耕措施的响应

选取3个翻耕模式(深翻、浅翻及免耕),以未补播的原生沙质草地为对照(CK),分析不同模式下禾-豆混播草地土壤颗粒组成、植物群落结构特征及数量特征,研究退化沙质草地土壤质地及植物群落对翻耕和补播措施的响应。结果表明:深翻、浅翻、免耕及CK对应的草地群落物种丰富度分别为9、9、5种和8种,机械扰动和补播牧草降低了游击型克隆植物的繁殖与扩展能力,提高了补播牧草在群落中的优势度,深翻处理下多年生禾本科及豆科牧草优势度最为明显,翻耕及补播后草地植物群落物种多样性和均匀度明显增大,生态优势度与物种多样性变化趋势正好相反,其中浅翻处理下补播草地群落物种多样性和均匀度最高,游击型克隆植物提高了原生草地生态优势度;补播草地群落地上生物量大小表现为:深翻(348.39 g·m~(-2))浅翻(285.77 g·m~(-2))免耕(242.08 g·m~(-2))CK(141.83 g·m~(-2)),且与原生草地存在极显著性差异(P0.01);补播草地土壤颗粒组成主要以50~250μm的细沙粒为主,深翻、浅翻及补播牧草显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤黏粉粒含量和土壤颗粒体积分形维数(P0.01),土壤质地改善效果明显,土壤整体稳定性明显提高。     

Clinical Feasibility and Airway Deposition of Nebulized Voriconazole in Healthy Horses

Voriconazole (VRC) is a potential treatment for pneumomycosis in horses. The objectives of this study were to determine if the delivery of Vfend using a Flexineb nebulizer produced clinically significant [VRC] in lower airways. The hypothesis was that [VRC] after delivery by nebulization would be greater in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid than plasma. A secondary objective was to determine [VRC] in upper airways through the collection of nasopharyngeal wash (NPW) samples. Voriconazole solution [Vfend-6.25 mg/mL, 100 (n = 2), 200 (n = 3), 500 (n = 1) mg] was nebulized once in 6 healthy geldings. Clinical responses, duration of nebulization, and [VRC] at various time points (up to 8 hours) in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatant and cell pellet, and NPW samples were recorded. Voriconazole (Vfend-6.25 mg/mL, 200 mg) was nebulized in 5 additional, healthy geldings, and [VRC] was measured in NPW samples pre- and postnebulization at time points up to 8 hours. The antifungal activity of BALF and NPW samples was determined using agar disk diffusion. Concentrations of voriconazole were below detection in plasma, BALF supernatant, and cell pellets for all time points and doses except the BALF cell pellet (0.4 μg/g) immediately after nebulization of 500 mg. For 5 horses, administered 200 mg of Vfend, mean [VCR] in NPW at the end of nebulization and 1, 6, and 8 hours postnebulization were: 30.8 ± 29, 1.0 ± 0.84, 0.2 ± 0.19, and 0.34 ± 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. Only NPW samples obtained immediately postnebulization showed antifungal activity. A nebulized Vfend solution is not recommended for the treatment of pneumomycosis in horses.     

基于高通量测序技术分析2种菌草根际土壤真菌群落多样性

为了解福州菌草基地巨菌草和绿洲一号2种菌草的根际土壤真菌群落多样性,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法,对菌草根际土真菌的多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明：从3份土壤样本中获得525 292条ITS序列,在97%序列相似性基础上可划分为7267个可操作分类单元（OTU）。真菌群落的丰富度指数（ACE）以菌草非根际土最低,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土;而多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener和Simpson）菌草根际土高于非根际土,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土。3份样品的优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）、壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）、球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）;优势菌纲为散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）、粪壳菌纲（ Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）、锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、圆盘菌纲（Orbiliomycetes）、银耳纲（Tremellomycetes）、粘膜菌纲（Wallemiomycetes）;优势菌属为篮状菌属（Talaromyces）、深黄伞形霉属（Umbelopsis）、枝孢菌属（Cladosporium）、暗双孢菌属（Cordana）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、隐球菌属（Cryptococcus）、淡紫紫霉属（Purpureocillium）、赤霉菌属 （Gibberella）、灵芝属（Ganoderma）。研究结果表明,菌草根际土真菌群落多样性高于非根际土,为进一步更好地利用菌草提供理论参考依据。