水稻冠层垂直反射率模拟

利用1999年和2000年实测的晚稻冠层结构参数(叶面积指数、叶倾角、叶长、叶宽等)和叶片生物化学组分含量(叶绿素、蛋白质、纤维素、水等)实测数据,结合椭圆分布函数模型、PROSPECT模型和FCR模型,模拟水稻冠层垂直反射率,模拟值与实测值的相关系数大于0.98,均方根差RMSE小于0.05,从而建立了冠层结构参数、叶片生物化学组成等农     

摄食促进剂对对虾生长的影响

IntroductionMeasures to assure that all feed offered to animals in commercial operation is consumed and to reduceformulated feed waste pollution,have been considered as some of the most relevant for lowering productioncosts in aquaculture.Considering the importance of chemical stimulant in development of the crustacean lifecircle,it is logical to assume that by adding attractants to the feed,the animal would rapidly find potentialfeed and ingest it.Additionally,measures involving the incorpora…     

Phytase dose effects in practically formulated diets that vary in ingredient composition on feed manufacturing and broiler performance

Considering approaches to efficiently produce broiler chickens, an experiment was conducted to describe the manufacturing and feeding effects of a corn, soybean meal, and wheat based diet with varying levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and commercial phytase. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial randomized complete block design varying in phytase (zero, 1,000, and 6,000 FTU/kg) and DDGS inclusion (zero or 5%). Phytase inclusion decreased dietary non-phytate phosphorous (nPP) and total Calcium (Ca) in formulation by 0.12 and 0.1%, respectively. Diets were steam conditioned at 82°C for 10 s, extruded through a 4.7 × 38 mm pellet die, and fed as crumbles (starter and grower) or pellets (finisher). Ten replicate pens of straight-run Hubbard × Cobb 500 chicks consumed one of 6 dietary treatments for 38 days. Phytase improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the starter period (P = 0.05), but benefits were not apparent in the grower or finisher periods. Phytase and formulation main effects interacted to affect overall FCR (P = 0.05), demonstrating a 0.05 decrease in FCR when birds were fed a diet containing a super-dose of phytase and without DDGS relative to diets containing a super-dose of phytase and DDGS. The DDGS likely provided reduced nutrient availability relative to their nutrient values used for diet formulation or provided non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) at a level that decreased bird performance. Based on tibia ash measures, performance improvement associated with the super-dose of phytase was likely associated with reducing phytate phosphorus gastrointestinal irritation rather than meeting bird phosphorus requirement.     

Effects of three carbohydrate sources on water quality,water consumption,bacterial count,growth and muscle quality of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in a biofloc system

This study compared the effect of three sources of carbohydrates: sugar, wheat and malt flours, on water quality, water consumption, bacterial load, growth and flesh quality of Nile tilapia. Adults (120.6 ± 0.64 g) were stocked in 1.2‐m³ fibreglass tanks at a rate of 25 fish/m³. Carbohydrates were added to the biofloc tanks at a C:N ratio of 20:1. Water flow in the non‐biofloc control tanks was adjusted to 0.6 L/day. The 105‐day experiment was conducted in triplicates. Results showed that biofloc treatments (BFT) with zero water exchange had significantly higher mean total ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, alkalinity, total suspended solids and lower pH than the control treatment. The sugar BFT had the highest floc volume. Growth parameters and feed conversion ratio did not differ significantly among treatments. However, tilapia in the malt flour and control treatments had close values. Gross fish yield was higher (p < .05) in the control than the BFT treatments. Water consumption/kg tilapia produced in the control was 42 times higher than the BFT groups. Protozoa dominated the biofloc biota, and wheat flour was the best in harbouring higher bacterial populations in the gut. Protein content and ∑n‐3 fatty acids were highest in the wheat flour biofloc, while malt flour biofloc had the highest lipids. The sugar biofloc had the highest n‐3/n‐6 ratio. Tilapia muscles in the malt flour and control treatments had the highest protein and lipid contents respectively. Tilapia muscles in the wheat flour BFT had the highest ∑n‐3 fatty acids and n‐3/n‐6 ratio. It can be concluded that farming tilapia in BFT using malt or wheat flours as carbon sources is more economical in saving great amount of water with minimal discharge of pollutants without affecting tilapia growth or flesh quality.     

山核桃离体花粉活力初步研究

利用FCR方法对不同散粉期和不同贮藏条件下山核桃花粉生活力进行了测定。结果表明:在散粉周期中,花粉生活力变化平均值呈正态分布,散粉盛期花粉具最高生活力。不同贮藏条件对保持花粉生活力具有显著影响,随着贮藏时间的增长,花粉活力逐渐递减,室温贮藏条件下递减最快,30 d内仅有8%左右具有生活力,而在室温干燥条件下,花粉可保持90 d有活性;4℃贮藏条件下,180 d还有9%的花粉具有活性,而在4℃干燥贮藏条件下活力更高(23%);-40℃贮藏条件下,不管干燥与不干燥花粉均会保持较高的活性(48%和81%),完全可以用于来年的辅助授粉。     

中药制剂“百消平”对肉鸡生产性能的影响

观察百消平超微粉对肉鸡生产性能的影响。随机分对照组和试验组各四栋,每栋6 000只肉鸡,两组饲喂相同的饲料,进行相同的免疫,试验组在对照组预防用药的基础上分别于9~12 d与23~26 d用百消平拌料,每袋拌200 kg料,连用4 d,42 d全部出栏,检测成活率、相对增重、绝对增重、料肉比等。试验组成活率提高了4.87%,料肉比降低了0.15,相对增重和绝对增重增加,肠炎腹泻发生率减少,病毒病和细菌病发生率降低。百消平能显著提高肉鸡的生产性能。     

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the growth, feed consumption, and biochemical content of juvenile green abalone, Haliotis fulgens, fed on a balanced diet

Juvenile green abalone, Haliotis fulgens (31.3 ± 0.1 mm, 3.7 ± 0.04 g live weight) were reared in laboratory for six months in order to determine their survival, growth, tissue composition, feed consumption (C), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) under two temperatures (20 °C and 25 °C) and three photoperiods (00:24, 12:12 and 24:00 light:dark hours). Survival was ca. 100% at 20 °C, and between 68% and 75% at 25 °C. The highest gross growth rate (109 ± 4.3 μm d^− 1, 69 ± 3.9 mg d^− 1) was observed in abalone from the combination 20 °C-00:24 L:D. Slowest GGR (38 ± 4.1 μm d^− 1, 26 ± 1.5 mg d^− 1) was observed in the combination 25 °C-24:00 L:D. Organisms from 25 °C exhibited signs of the withering syndrome at the end of the experiment. Gross energy content (4.4 to 4.6 kcal g^− 1 tissue dry wt, TDW) and crude protein (60 to 68% TDW) were not significantly affected by either temperature or photoperiod, but organisms from 20 °C exhibited lower moisture content (86.8 to 88.6%) and higher tissue:shell ratio (0.34-0.40) than those from 25 °C (88.9 to 92.1%; 0.22-0.31 respectively). Feed consumption markedly increased at night, decreased with age, and was higher at 25 °C than 20 °C, irrespective of photoperiod. Highest C was observed under continuous darkness (0.66 to 0.95% BW d^− 1 at 20 °C and 0.84 to 1.25% BW d^− 1 at 25 °C), and was lowest under continuous light (0.50 to 0.82% BW d^− 1 at 20 °C and 0.71 to 1.02% BW d^− 1 at 25 °C). FCR and PER were both affected by temperature but not by photoperiod. Higher PER (2.2 to 3.4) and lower FCR values (0.69 to 1.05) were observed at 20 °C, when compared to 25 °C (PER 1.35 to 2.09, FCR 1.10 to 1.86). Sex ratios were ca. 1:1 in the 00:24 and 12:12 L:D photoperiods, yet ca. 50% of abalone from the 24:00 L:D photoperiod were immature at the end of the experiment. It is concluded that H. fulgens can be best cultured at 20 °C and 00:24 or 12:12 L:D regimes, while sustained temperatures at or above 25 °C may result in cumulative stress, altered physiological rhythms, and delayed maturation.     

不同盐度驯化模式对施氏鲟生长及摄食的影响

采用逐步增盐法（IG）、阶段增盐法（IT）及盐度突变法（is）3种不同的驯化模式对施氏鲟（Acipenser schrenckii）进行盐度驯化，对3种模式下的特定生长率（SGR）、生长效率（GE）、摄食率（FR）及食物转化率（FCR）进行统计，并与对照组（CT）进行比较分析。结果表明，驯化方法对于施氏鲟的成活率具有较大影响，3种不同驯化模式下的成活率由高到低依次是IT（100％）、IS（93．33％）、IG（85％），各盐度驯化组死亡个体规格均较小。盐度对于施氏鲟的生长具有一定的抑制作用，盐度驯化各组在SGR、GE方面均低于对照组，IS组和IG组SGR与CT组无显著性差异（P〉0．05），IT组显著（P〉0．05）低于CT组。IG、IS、IT组与CT组相比，摄食率有所下降，但无显著差异（P〉0．05）。IG、IT、IS各组FCR均低于对照组，但对照组FCR与IG、IS组没有显著差异，与IT组差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论认为，尽管盐度对于施氏鲟的生长具有一定的影响，但是通过IG及IS方法的驯化，施氏鲟在25盐度下仍然保持一定的生长速度。     

薄壳山核桃‘马汉’雄蕊发育特性及花粉储藏活力

为解决薄壳山核桃Carya illinoensis花期花粉的采集和有效保存等问题,系统观测雄蕊开花习性,采用荧光染色反应(FCR)法研究了不同散粉期花粉生活力差异,以及不同储藏条件(室温密封、室温密封干燥;4℃密封、4℃密封干燥;-70℃密封、-70℃密封干燥)和储藏时间对花粉活力的影响。结果表明:①4月26日薄壳山核桃雄蕊花萼开裂,5月6日花药由绿变黄,5月7-9日雄蕊进入散粉期,5月8日散粉量最大,占花粉总量的75%,至5月10日花粉基本散尽,花药变黑、小花开始脱落;②散粉期花粉生活力大小依次为即将散粉期(花药由绿变黄)>散粉初期>散粉盛期>散粉末期,花粉耐储藏性亦是即将散粉期最优,即将散粉期>散粉初期>散粉盛期>散粉末期。③储藏条件对花粉活力的保持有显著影响,利于花粉生活力保持的储藏条件依次为-70℃密封干燥>-70℃密封>4℃密封干燥>4℃密封>室温密封干燥>室温密封;在任一储藏条件下,花粉活力均随储藏时间而下降,干燥与不干燥差异不显著。室温下花粉活力下降最快,50 d后花粉已经完全丧失活力;4℃下花粉活力次之,120d后花粉已经完全丧失活力;-70℃超低温条件下保存效果最好,与常温、低温储藏差异极显著,储藏360 d花粉还保持43.55%的活力。     

The effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.

Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding frequency on growth of juvenile Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Fish (22–75 g) fed three (3 ×) or five times per day (5 × day^?1) under constant light and temperature (13±1°C) consumed significantly more feed than fish fed 1 × day^?1 but by the end of the experiment only fish fed 5 × day^?1 were heavier and had greater specific growth rates (SGR). Under simulated winter conditions (9L:15D, 5±1°C), halibut (～300 g) fed every other day consumed more feed, had a greater SGR and final weight compared with fish fed every third day. Feed conversion ratios were not different among treatment groups in any of the experiments. These results suggest that growth rates may be improved by feeding juvenile halibut more than 1 × day^?1.