土壤中黑碳对农药敌草隆的吸附-解吸迟滞行为研究

采用批处理振荡法和连续稀释法分别测定了敌草隆在人工添加黑碳土壤和自然形成的不同有机质和黑碳含量的土壤中的吸附一解吸行为。吸附结果表明，人工添加黑碳的土壤对敌草隆的吸附强度和吸附容量以及吸附等温线的非线性均随土壤黑碳添加浓度的增加而逐步增大；自然土壤的吸附容量和吸附强度随土壤总有机质含量增加而增加，但吸附等温线的非线性则与土壤中黑碳对有机质的相对含量有关，黑碳比例越高，等温线非线性越大。解吸实验结果表明，无论是人工添加黑碳的土壤还是自然土壤，对敌草隆的解吸迟滞作用均随土壤黑碳含量增高而愈明显。     

Evaluation of combinations of paraquat plus photosystem II-inhibiting herbicides for controlling failed stands of maize (Zea mays)

Existing plants remaining in failed stands of maize must be removed prior to planting a subsequent crop, and glyphosate and glufosinate are generally ineffective because of the presence of herbicide-resistant genes in most US maize. Research was conducted at three locations in 2009 to evaluate maize control with paraquat as influenced by (1) the addition of three PSII-inhibiting herbicides, (2) maize growth stage at application with and without addition of atrazine, and (3) time of day of application with and without addition of atrazine. Delaying an application of paraquat beyond the V4 stage (four visible collars) of maize resulted in ineffective control of maize, and the addition of atrazine to paraquat improved control of older plants. A paraquat dose of at least 525 g/ha was often needed for acceptable control of maize. Of the three PSII-inhibiting herbicides evaluated, maize control was generally greater and more consistent with the addition of metribuzin or diuron to paraquat than with atrazine, even though atrazine did often improve control over paraquat alone. Applying paraquat at sunset did improve control over applications made near sunrise, but a PSII-inhibiting herbicide was still needed with paraquat to maximize control of maize. These findings demonstrate that undesirable maize plants can be effectively controlled with combinations of paraquat plus PSII-inhibiting herbicides when applied no later than the V4 stage of maize, and applications in close proximity to sunset can further improve control.     

土壤中噻苯隆和敌草隆及其代谢物的残留量测定方法

[目的]为土壤中噻苯隆和敌草隆及其代谢物的残留分析建立一种简捷可行的方法。[方法]利用液相色谱法对供试土样中噻苯隆和敌草隆及其代谢物的残留量进行测定。[结果]噻苯隆及其代谢物的最大吸收波长为290nm左右，敌草隆及其代谢物的最大吸收波长为254nm。噻苯隆及其代谢物thidiazolylurea和敌草隆及其代谢物DCPU、DCPMU的线性回归方程分别为：y=0．5704x＋0．0723、Y=2．3635X＋0．2386、Y=0．5687X＋0．108、Y=0．5504x＋0．1163和Y=0．6107X＋0．3612；其最低检出浓度分别为0．04、0．08、0．05、0．04、0．03mg／kg；当添加浓度为其最低检出浓度时，平均加标回收率及其RSD分别为：86．78％和5．51％、95．13％和8．13％、89．04％和6．60％、84．10％和4．29％、92．05％和5．92％。[结论]该方法在定性和定量分析方面都能够满足土壤中噻苯隆和敌草隆及其代谢物的残留量测定分析要求。     

Assessment of the effects of the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides Diuron,DCMU, metamitron and metribuzin on growth and nitrogenase activity of Nostoc muscorum and a new cyanobacterial isolate,strain G4

Summary The influence of the photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides Diuron, DCMU, metamitron, and metribuzin on growth and nitrogenase activity of Nostoc muscorum and a new cyanobacterial isolate, strain G4, was studied. The experiments were performed under N₂-fixing photoautotrophic conditions. Both cyanobacteria showed a high degree of tolerance towards the herbicides tested. In the presence of metamitron (35, 70, and 140 ppm) and metribuzin (7, 14, 35, and 70 ppm) strain G4 proliferated as well as the control culture. Metamitron and metribuzin had no influence on the nitrogenase synthesis of strain G4 and N. muscorum. When treated with 1 M DCMU, strain G4 and N. muscorum showed partial inhibition for the first few days, but entirely recovered during succeeding incubation. In the presence of 10 ppm Diuron, N. muscorum and strain G4, compared to the control, showed 30% and 80% nitrogenase activity, respectively.     

Metabolic and cometabolic degradation of herbicides in the fine material of railway ballast

Microbial degradation of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) and mineralization of 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were studied in soil samples taken from the ballast layers of three Swedish railway embankments. The degradation of diuron followed first-order kinetics and half-lives ranged between 122 and 365 days. The half-lives correlated strongly with microbial biomass estimated by substrate-induced respiration (SIR; R=-0.85; p<0.05) and with the amount of organic matter measured as loss on ignition (R=-0.87; p<0.05). Accumulation of the metabolites 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl urea (DCPMU) and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU) was observed in all samples and these were only detectably degraded in the sample with the highest SIR. Addition of ground lucerne straw to the ballast samples stimulated microbial activity and led to increased formation of metabolites, but further transformation of DCPMU and DCPU was not enhanced. Mineralization of MCPA followed growth-linked kinetics and the time for 50% mineralization was 44.5±7.1 days in samples of previously untreated ballast. In samples of ballast that had been previously treated with the herbicide formulation MCPA 750, the time for 50% mineralization was reduced to 13.7±11.3 days. The number of MCPA degraders, quantified using an MPN technique, was clearly increased but highly variable. An average yield of 0.18 cells pg⁻¹ of MCPA was estimated from the kinetic data. The yield estimates correlated with the amount of nitrogen in the ballast, indicating that mineralization of MCPA was nitrogen-limited in the railway embankments studied. This has practical implications for weed control using herbicides on railways.     

Co-stressors chilling and high light increase photooxidative stress in diuron-treated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii but with lower involvement of H2O2

Diuron is one of the most commonly found N-phenylurea herbicides in marine/estuarine waters that promotes toxic effects by inhibiting photosynthesis and affecting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in autotrophs. Since photo- and thermoacclimation are also ROS-mediated processes, this work evaluates a hypothetical additive effect of high light (HL) and chilling (12 °C) on 50 nM diuron toxicity to the highly-photosynthetically active apices of the red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii. Additive inhibition of photosynthesis was mainly evidenced by significant decreases of quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transfer rates upon co-stressors exposure to diuron-treated algae. Under extreme 12 °C/HL/diuron conditions, unexpected lower correlations between H₂O₂ concentrations in seawater and radical-sensitive protein thiols were concomitantly measured with the highest indexes of photoinhibition (parameter β). Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that co-stressors chilling/HL additively inhibit photosynthesis in diuron-exposed K. alvarezii but with less involvement of H₂O₂ in injury effects than with only chilling or HL.     

Influence of method of land preparation on weed regeneration in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

The influence of four methods of land preparation on weed regeneration and the efficacy of imazaquin (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1 H-imidasol-2yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid) applied singly at 0.18 kg a.i. ha⁻¹, and in tank mixture with either 2.0 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ of metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamine) or 0.64 kg a.i. ha⁻¹ of diuron (N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N, N-dimethylurea) in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) was studied in the late season of 1989 at the University of Benin and in the early season of 1990 at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research (NIFOR), Benin City, Nigeria. The methods of land preparation were: no-tillage (NT-B with all the stubble mulch packed and burnt in situ); no-tillage (NT-Pa, the existing vegetation was killed with paraquat and the sod left in situ); ploughing (P); ploughing and harrowing (P+H). The number of regenerating weeds was significantly greater were the land was prepared by no-till and the stubble mulch left in situ compared with all other methods of land preparation. There were no significant differences in number of regenerating weeds and the weed biomass between NT-B, P and P+H. Herbicide treatments significantly reduced both the number of regenerating weeds and weed biomass irrespective of the method of land preparation. Herbicides generally performed better in NT-B, P, P+H than in NT-Pa plots. Cowpea pod or grain yield was not significantly influenced by the method of land preparation. However, it was significantly depressed where the plots were left unweeded for all methods of land preparation, especially so in the NT-Pa treatment. These observations suggest that where a good degree of burn or stubble mulch removal is achieved, further soil tillage may not necessarily enhance the efficacy of imazaquin and its tank-mixtures with diuron or metolachlor.     

敌草隆降解菌SL-6的筛选鉴定及降解条件优化

【目的】明确筛选分离得到的敌草隆降解菌株SL-6生物学分类地位,并优化其降解条件,为降解敌草隆提供新的途径。【方法】采用富集培养法从棉田中分离敌草隆降解菌SL-6,并通过16S rDNA及nrdA基因序列分析结合形态学、生理生化特征对其进行鉴定;运用HPLC法检测SL-6菌株对敌草隆的降解效果,研究该菌株在不同敌草隆初始质量浓度、接菌量、蔗糖含量、pH及温度条件下的降解能力并优化降解条件。【结果】从棉田土壤中分离得到7株菌株,其中,无色杆菌属Achromobacter菌株SL-6、SL-7和SL-9对敌草隆的降解效果好且消解动态符合消解动力学方程;木糖氧化无色杆菌A. Xylosoxidans SL-6降解效果最佳,第15天的降解率为94.6%。在敌草隆初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、接菌量为15%(φ)、不外加碳源、pH为8.0以及温度为30℃时,处理5 d后降解率达93.1%。【结论】SL-6菌株能够高效降解敌草隆,可作为新的菌株资源,为进一步研究微生物降解敌草隆奠定基础。     

长江口上海近岸海域敌草隆(Diuron)空间分布特征及生态风险评估

为研究长江口上海近岸海域敌草隆(Diuron)的来源、空间分布特征及生态风险，于2021年10~11月间采集上海长江口沿岸海域、横沙岛(内陆)水域、长江口中华鲟保护区附近海域24个站位水样并通过固相萃取结合高效液相色谱串联质谱法对各站位表层水样中的敌草隆分析测定。根据检测结果，3个不同区域24个站位水样均有敌草隆质量浓度检出。其中上海长江口沿岸10个站位敌草隆质量浓度检测范围为182.43~439.38 ng/L，检出率为100%；横沙岛(内陆)水域9个站位敌草隆质量浓度检测范围为83.48~369.25 ng/L，检出率100%；中华鲟保护区附近海域5个站位敌草隆质量浓度检测范围1.97~2.85 ng/L，检出率100%。敌草隆的空间分布主要与船舶防污涂料在船舶停靠港口及航运中释放、农业活动、海洋水动力学扩散作用等相关。生态风险评估结果显示，上海长江口沿岸海域具有潜在中风险；横沙岛(内陆)水域农田耕作区具有潜在中风险；中华鲟保护区附近海域具有潜在低风险。研究结果表明，在长江口上海近岸海域环境正遭受敌草隆的威胁，虽然暂时未威胁到长江口海域如中华鲟保护区等生态敏感区域，依旧需要对敌草隆在长江河口及近海海域的环境影响引起重视。