吉林省西部地区滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种筛选

确定宜机械粒收的玉米品种是构建吉林省西部旱作补灌区玉米丰产增效技术模式的重要内容之一。2018年和2019年在吉林省西部地区开展滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种的筛选试验,测定38个玉米品种的收获子粒含水率和产量,并按玉米子粒含水率和产量水平采用双向平均法作图进行品种分类。结果表明,本研究初步筛选出5个滴灌条件下宜机械粒收玉米品种,分别是迪卡159、福莱77,稷秾108、吉农大889和优迪919。根据品种综合性状分析,吉农大889较优,其次为迪卡159,可以作为适宜吉林省西部滴灌条件下丰产高效栽培的推荐品种。     

施氮量对粮饲兼用玉米子粒产量和饲用品质的影响

2017~2018年以主推粮饲兼用玉米陕科9号品种为材料，设0、90、180、270和360 kg/hm² 5个氮肥水平进行大田试验，测定不同氮肥处理下叶面积指数、产量和饲用品质和氮肥利用率等性状指标，分析施氮量对玉米子粒产量、饲用品质和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，随施氮量的增加，叶面积指数、SPAD值和生物量增加；子粒产量随施氮量的增加先增加后稳定，此时最佳施氮量为268 kg/hm²，产量增加64.4%。随着氮肥增加，氮肥农学效率呈先增加后降低，氮肥偏生产力降低。饲用品质分析显示，子粒蛋白质、淀粉和脂肪含量随着施氮量增加而增加，在氮肥270 kg/hm²处理下分别较不施氮处理增加2.4%、13.7%和22.5%；秸秆中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量分别减少20.4%和18.1%，秸秆粗蛋白和体外干物质消化率分别增加22.5%和17.6%。适当增施氮肥改善玉米群体质量，增加产量和氮肥利用率，提高饲用价值。陕北灌区粮饲兼用玉米生产实践中，推荐适宜施氮量为268 kg/hm²。     

鲁枣系列枣新品种

山东省果树研究所利用实生选种和地方选优方法，选育出用途多样、熟期配套、优质、早实丰产、抗逆性强的鲁枣系列枣新品种14个，全部通过省级审定，其中11个品种通过国审。鲁枣系列新品种在重要经济性状上有显著改进，既丰富了枣种质资源，又为产业发展提供了技术支撑。     

烤烟外引品种NC 71烟叶样品质量研究

本研究以NC 71与对照品种K 326和NC 89在南北烟区9个省(市)的10个种植试点的烟叶样品为试材,在外观质量、常规化学成分、常规烟气成分、感官质量、主要致香成分五个方面进行了分析比较,结果表明NC 71在外观质量上与南北烟区对照品种K 326和NC 89相当,部分NC 71样品身份或油分稍好于对比品种；未检测出碱糖、碱氮、钾氯比值都较协调或是都不协调的样品,部分NC 71样品钾氯或碱糖和钾氯比值较协调。南方烟区湖南永州的NC 71样品碱糖和碱氮比值不协调；NC 71在焦油、一氧化碳和烟碱含量上总体高于照比品种；南北烟区种植试点的NC 71样品综合感官质量表现较好；北方烟区三种植试点NC 71致香物质总量优于NC 89,南方种植试点NC 71与K 326在致香物质含量上各有优势。     

Over 40% of 450 registered wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) worldwide are composed of multiple biotypes

Many of 450 common wheat cultivars bred and registered during the twentieth century in 12 countries were proved, due to seed-by-seed analysis, to be composed of two or more biotypes differing in their alleles at the gliadin (Gli) loci. These multiple biotypes may be regarded as authentic progeny of the respective parent lines, as evidenced by the gliadin composition of the respective parents. Therefore, the official claim for each cultivar to be uniform is commonly not maintained in practice. The most frequent was a non-uniform cultivar composed of two biotypes differing at one Gli locus, but there were cultivars represented by a large set of related genotypes differing at several Gli loci. The proportion of the multi-biotype cultivars was never less than 15% for a country collection, exceeding 50% in other countries. This proportion differed significantly between neighbouring countries. In Australia, all multi-biotype cultivars were found in eastern states; in the state of Victoria, their frequency was statistically higher than in the rest of the country. The proportion of multi-biotype cultivars among newly-released cultivars decreased with time in Australia and the UK. Thus, the non-uniformity of registered cultivars represents a general and important phenomenon of common wheat as a crop.     

永州地区早春大棚甜瓜新品种引进比较试验

为筛选出适宜永州地区早春大棚种植的甜瓜新品种,通过随机区组设计,对6个参试甜瓜品种进行比较。试验结果表明,脆禧表现为早熟,一品红、玉菇生育期与CK(雪峰蜜2号)接近,3个品种均表现高产,且商品性、口感、含糖量较优,因此认为脆禧、一品红、玉菇这3个品种适宜在湖南永州地区推广种植。     

Silicon influences cadmium translocation by altering subcellular distribution and chemical forms of cadmium in peanut roots

Effects of silicon (Si) on subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in two contrasting peanut cultivars, Qishan 208 (low seed Cd cultivar) and Haihua 1 (high seed Cd cultivar), were investigated by a hydroponics experiment at low Cd level (0.2 μM CdCl₂). Two cultivars differ in Cd translocation, subcellular distribution and chemical forms. In comparison to Qishan 208, Haihua 1 shows higher translocation factors (TFs); this may be resulted from higher Cd in the soluble fraction, and a larger proportion of inorganic Cd (extracted by 80% ethanol) and water-soluble Cd (extracted by d-H₂O) in roots. Pretreatment with Si decreased Cd in the cell wall, and enhanced Cd in the soluble fraction for both cultivars. However, effects of Si on chemical forms and TFs are cultivar dependent. Si enhances Cd translocation and the d-H₂O extractable Cd in Haihua 1. Positive correlations were observed between TF and Cd in the soluble fraction (r = 0.71, P < 0.05), and between TF and d-H₂O extractable Cd in root (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). Therefore, larger proportion of d-H₂O extractable Cd may be responsible for high TF in Si pretreated plants of Haihua 1.     

玉米机械收获子粒破碎率与含水率关系的品种间差异

基于2012～2017年在北疆大田机械粒收条件下获取的收获质量评价数据,分析当地主栽的9个品种机械粒收过程中子粒破碎率和含水率的关系。调查范围内,不同品种收获期子粒含水率平均值分布范围为19.6%(KX9384,KWS1568)～28.2%(联创808),破碎率平均值分布范围为2.8%(新引M753)～8.5%(KWS2564),收获时品种间子粒含水率和破碎率均存在显著差异。分析显示,虽然131个样本子粒含水率(y)与破碎率(x)之间呈极显著正相关(r=0.302**),符合二次曲线(y=ax~2+bx+c)关系,但不同品种破碎率对子粒含水率的响应程度具有一定差异。在相同含水率条件下不同品种耐破碎性能存在较大差异,相应满足国标破碎率≤5%和≤8%要求适宜收获的子粒含水率范围也不同。筛选出新引M751、新引M753、KX9384、登海618和先玉335等耐破碎性能较好的品种。     

不同育成年份冬小麦苗期根冠生物量分配

为探讨品种更替过程中小麦苗期根冠生物量分配的演变趋势,以历年来黄淮海麦区大面积推广种植的22个冬小麦品种为研究对象,采用砂培的方法进行幼苗培养,分析小麦种子萌发后不同时间根、冠生长及生物量分配的变化规律。结果表明:冬小麦种子萌发后第3天幼苗根数在品种间无显著差异,第9天、第15天随着品种更替的进行呈现出显著下降的趋势,现代品种初生根数目显著低于早期品种。在第3天、第9天、第15天,小麦苗期幼苗生长随品种更替呈现不同的变化趋势,芽长显著下降,但根长无显著差异。可见,冬小麦苗期芽干质量在品种改良过程中未发生明显变化,而根干质量和根冠比呈现出显著下降的趋势,冬小麦苗期现代品种地上部分分配到更多的生物量。     

中国大蒜主产区主要品种鳞茎品质及其与产地土壤养分的关系

以全国16个省区50个品种大蒜与对应土壤为材料,分析大蒜鳞茎中大蒜素、硒元素、锗元素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白的含量,测定蒜瓣数、蒜头质量等7个鳞茎性状及土壤化学性状指标,通过主成分分析对鳞茎性状进行综合评价,分析大蒜鳞茎与产地土壤化学性质的相关性。结果表明:大蒜素、硒、锗和可溶性糖4个主成分累计方差贡献率达到79.8%,反映大蒜品种鳞茎品质的基本信息。鳞茎营养品质大蒜素、硒、锗、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及表型品质蒜瓣数、蒜头质量综合排序,品质较好的(F≥0.5)品种是‘苏02’‘苏01’‘贵02’‘豫07’和‘晋01’,品质一般(0≤F0.5)的品种19个,品质较差(F0)的品种超过一半。相关分析表明,土壤养分含量与大蒜品质间的相关性较小,只有硫元素与大蒜素和可溶性糖显著正相关,土壤pH与大蒜锗含量显著正相关,土壤N含量与大蒜可溶性糖极显著正相关。