北部湾二长棘犁齿鲷的时空分布特征

二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinalis)作为北部湾主要经济鱼类之一,长久以来受过度捕捞的影响,其资源量发生较大波动,将对渔业生产和种群结构有较大影响。文章根据2014年~2015年近海渔业资源调查资料,应用生物量和个体数单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)综合分析该鱼种资源的季节变化和空间分布。结果表明该鱼种广泛分布于北部湾中国管辖海域内,四季的出现率均在86%以上。生物量和个体数CPUE有明显的季节变化,均表现为最高值在夏季(平均值分别为7.3 kg·h~(-1)和240.83尾·h~(-1)),而冬季最低(平均值分别为1.76 kg·h~(-1)和21.94尾·h~(-1))。从空间分布看,生物量和个体数CPUE高值区主要分布于北部湾20°N以北海域,而低值区则处于海南岛西部海域。近年来在该海域实施的资源养护措施已取得初步成效,相比于20世纪90年代,二长棘犁齿鲷的资源量有所恢复。但二长棘犁齿鲷生物学特征分析结果表明,体长200 mm或体质量80 g以上的群体比重总体偏低,种群低龄化和小型化问题仍较为严峻,需采取新的管理措施(增大最小网目和开捕体长),以降低捕捞强度,改善种群结构。     

2012/2013渔季CAMLR 48区南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)资源时空分布

根据2013年1–9月辽宁远洋渔业有限公司“福荣海”轮南极磷虾拖网调查数据，以3n mile/h拖曳获得的产量作为CPUE指标，对南极磷虾资源时空分布进行了分析。结果显示，1–6月的月均CPUE值相对稳定，7–9月逐月下降。各渔区中平均CPUE值以48.1区最高，为(25.12±31.04) t/h；48.3区最低，为(11.49±12.06) t/h；CPUE值的波动幅度48.1区大于48.2和48.3区。48.1区的南极磷虾群主要分布于0 –100 m水层，CPUE值以25–50 m水层为最高；48.2区虾群主要分布于50–150 m水层，CPUE值以100–150 m水层最高；48.3区虾群主要分布于100–250 m水层，CPUE值以200– 250 m水层最高。海底深度<500 m的近岸海域是磷虾主要集群分布区和商业捕捞渔场，以水深<250 m的浅水区渔场虾群密度最大，平均CPUE值为(17.54±35.26) t/h，水深250–1500 m的深水区渔场平均CPUE值变化较小，在12.0–14.0 t/h之间波动，但水深>1500 m时，平均CPUE值降到(9.62±9.54) t/h。作业渔场的表温SST主要集中在－1–2℃，当SST为－1–0℃时，平均CPUE值最高。探捕调查发现了5个主要的磷虾集群，集群时间可达30 d以上，但集群密度随时间发生变化。调查结果可为研究南极磷虾渔场形成机制和渔业管理提供基础数据，并为商业捕捞提供参考。     

Inherent bias in using aggregate CPUE to characterize abundance of fish species assemblages

We have analyzed the practice of assessing an assemblage of fish species in a multispecies fishery on the basis of aggregate catch per unit effort (CPUE), which is the summed catch of all species per unit of effort. We show that at the onset of fishing or of a large positive or negative change in fishing effort, aggregate CPUE will be hyper-responsive, that is, relative change of aggregate CPUE will be greater than that of aggregate abundance. We also show that as the fishery reaches equilibrium, the aggregate CPUE in most circumstances will continue to be hyper-responsive, with a greater relative change from its value at the start than the aggregate abundance. However, there are less likely circumstances in which the aggregate CPUE will be hyper-stable compared to aggregate abundance. The circumstances leading to hyper-responsiveness or hyper-stability depend on the distribution of productivity and fishery vulnerability parameters among the species in the aggregation.     

Effects of intensive fishing on the perch population in a large oligotrophic lake in eastern Finland

The perch population in Lake Höytiäinen was intensively fished to reduce the density of the population and hence also the predation pressure by perch on vendace larvae. A hypothesis suggests that this predation can prevent recovery of commercially important vendace stock from a state of low-density. In the 1990s the density of the perch population in Lake Höytiäinen has increased, while the vendace stock has been sparse. Intensive fishing was conducted by professional fishermen with a paired bottom trawl, seine net, hoop net and small fish traps and by recreational fishermen with small fish traps. The size of perch population during the intensive fishing period was studied by test fishing with multi-mesh gillnets and the Leslie method in which trawl YPUE was regressed on the cumulative yield. The results suggest that the population size clearly diminished in the area where the fishing pressure was strongest. YPUE of test fishing decreased ca. 30% whereas the Leslie method gave almost a decrease twice as large as that of the former. Mean weight of perch increased in the trawl and test fishing catches during the intensive fishing period. The most effective fishing gear was trawl (62% of the total yield), but importance of trap net fishing by recreational fishermen was also high as they caught 22% of the total yield.     

Standardizing catch and effort data of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is often used as an index of relative abundance in fisheries stock assessments. However, the trends in nominal CPUE can be influenced by many factors in addition to stock abundance, including the choice of fishing location and target species, and environmental conditions. Consequently, catch and effort data are usually ‘standardized’ to remove the impact of such factors. Standardized CPUE for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, caught by the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) for 1964–2004 were derived using three alternative approaches (GLM, GAM and the delta approach), and sensitivity was explored to whether catch-rates of yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna are included in the analyses. Year, latitude, and the catch-rate of yellowfin explained the most of the deviance (32–49%, depending on model configuration) and were identified consistently among methods, while trends in standardized catch-rate differed spatially. However, the trends in standardized catch-rates by area were found to be relatively insensitive to the approach used for standardization, including whether the catch-rates of yellowfin and albacore were included in the analyses.     

Characteristics and economic contribution of a developing recreational fishery in southern Angola

Abstract  The characteristics and contribution of a developing recreational fishery to the local, regional and national economy of Angola were evaluated in 2006. Annual angling effort was 13 435 h, while the estimated total catch of the three target species [leerfish, Lichia amia (L.), west coast dusky kob, Argyrosomus coronus (Griffiths & Heemstra) and shad, Pomatomus saltatrix (L.)], was 5913 fish with a mass of 27 975 kg. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) for all teleost species combined was 0.44 fish per angler h⁻¹ and 2.08 kg per angler h⁻¹. Total harvest of the three species was 576 fish with a total mass of 2221.6 kg. The total contribution of this recreational fishery (mostly anglers from South Africa) to the local economy was US$ 1007 per harvested fish and US$ 243 per harvested kg. This equated to a contribution to the local, regional and national economies of US$ 151 685, US$ 44 767 and US$ 344 364 respectively. Although the regional contribution was less than half of the national contribution, it was regionally significant when the low population density and the general absence of other formal sector employment opportunities are considered. As a result of the largely undisturbed nature of the southern Angolan coastline, the catch, effort and CPUE information was considered suitable as a baseline for a cost-effective method of future fisheries monitoring in the region.     

我国东、黄海鲐鱼灯光围网渔业CPUE标准化研究

日本鲐是我国近海重要的中上层鱼类资源之一,评估其资源量需要对单位捕捞努力量渔获量（CPUE）进行标准化。影响CPUE标准化的因素很多，包括季节、区域和海洋环境等。本文利用广义线型模型（GLM）和广义加性模型（GAM），结合时空、捕捞船、表温等因子，对1998-2006年东、黄海大型灯光围网渔业鲐鱼CPUE进行标准化，并评价各因子对CPUE的影响。首先应用GLM模型评价时间、空间、环境以及捕捞渔船参数对CPUE的影响，并确定显著性变量。其次，将显著性变量逐一加入GAM模型，根据Akaike信息法则（AIC），选择最优的GAM模型。最后，利用最优的GAM模型对CPUE标准化，并定量分析时间、空间、环境以及捕捞渔船参数对鲐鱼CPUE的影响。GLM模型结果表明：8个变量对CPUE有重要影响，依次为年、船队、船队与年的交互效应、月、船队与月份的交换效应、经度、纬度和海表温。根据AIC，包含上述8个显著性变量的GAM模型为最优模型，对CPUE偏差的解释为27.78%。GAM模型结果表明：高CPUE分别出现在夏季海表温为28～31 ℃的东海中部和冬季海表温为12～16 ℃的黄海；1998-2006年，标准化后的CPUE呈逐年下降趋势，与持续增长的捕捞努力量有关。     

Application of the Tweedie distribution to zero-catch data in CPUE analysis

We focus on the zero-catch problem of CPUE (catch per unit effort) standardization. Because the traditional CPUE model with a log-normal error structure cannot be applied in this case, three methods have often been utilized as follows:

(1) Ad hoc method adds a small constant value to all response variables.

(2) Catch model with a Poisson or negative-binomial (NB) error structure.

(3) Delta-type two-step method such as the delta-normal model (after estimating the ratio of zero-catch using a logit or probit model, a model such as CPUE log-normal or Catch-Poisson is applied to CPUE without zero-data).

However, there are some statistical problems with each of these methods.In this paper, we carried out the CPUE standardization mainly using the Tweedie distribution model based on the actual by-catch data (silky shark, Carcharhimus falciformis, in the North Pacific Ocean caught by Japanese training vessels) including many observations with zero-catch (>2/3rd) and tuna fishery data as a target (yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, in the Indian Ocean caught by Japanese commercial vessels) where the ratio of zero-catch is not so high (<1/3rd). The Tweedie model is an extension of compound Poisson model derived from the stochastic process where the weight of the counted objects (i.e., number of fish) has a gamma distribution and has an advantage of handling the zero-catch data in a unified way.We also compared four candidate models, the Catch-NB model, ad hoc method, Delta-lognormal model (delta-type two-step method) and Tweedie distribution, through CPUE analyses of actual fishery data in terms of the statistical performance. Square error and Pearson's correlation coefficient were calculated based on the observed CPUE and the corresponding predicted CPUE using the n-fold cross-validation.As a result, the differences in the trend of CPUE between years and model performance between the ad hoc method and Tweedie model were found to be not so large in the example of yellowfin tuna (target species). However, the statistical performance of Tweedie distribution is rather better than Delta-lognormal model, the Catch-NB distribution and ad hoc method in the example of silky shark (by-catch species). Standardized CPUE year trend of ad hoc method was found to be quite different from that of the Tweedie distribution and other two models. Model performance of the Tweedie distribution is good judging from the 5-fold cross-validation using the fishery data if including many zero-catch data such as by-catch species.     

Reconstructing historical trends of small pelagic fish in the Java Sea using standardized commercial trip based catch per unit of effort

Pelagic fish stocks in the Java Sea have been exploited intensively since the beginning of the 1970s. However, due to the effect of increased fishing power of the fleets and the changing nature of spatial and temporal distribution of the fishing effort, assessment of stock trends based on commercial data of catch and effort requires the standardization of both effort and catch data. Here we present the first attempt to reconstruct a standardized time series of commercial catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for the main pelagic species exploited by the purse seine fleet in the Java Sea. The results showed that all the stocks analysed have largely declined since the beginning of the 1990s. For bigeye scad, Indian mackerel and sardine, current estimates are only between 3 and 19% of the maximum observed value while round scads and spotted sardine biomass estimates lie between 18 and 34%. However, our assumptions about the effect of lamp power and level of creeping and the fact that the influence of fish density on catchability and the effect of targeting were not taken into account thus observed decline is a rather conservative estimate of the real decline of the stocks. If effective management actions are not put in place as a matter of urgency in the Java Sea for small pelagic fisheries, one runs the risk of adding those species to the long list of overexploited stocks of the world oceans.