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1.
十字花科Brassicaceae包含蔬菜、油料作物、药用植物、观赏植物和染料植物等,是一类1年生、2年生或多年生的植物,是中国最重要的蔬菜和油料作物之一。蜡质的主要成分是超长链脂肪酸及其衍生物,十字花科植物的蜡质是其适应外界环境变化而形成的保护结构,在维持水分平衡、反射紫外线、减少外来机械损伤、降低低温伤害、抵御细菌真菌入侵、防止果实开裂与昆虫侵食等抵抗生物与非生物胁迫中起着重要作用。对十字花科植物蜡质类型、生理功能、遗传特性、合成与转运途径等方面进行综述,可为十字花科植物的蜡质代谢研究提供参考。图2表2参61  相似文献   
2.
盐胁迫是严重影响作物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫之一。植物在盐胁迫下会产生一系列生理生化变化,创制改良耐盐种质、培育耐盐品种是提高农作物耐盐性的有效手段。十字花科作物是重要的蔬菜和经济作物。本文系统总结了近年来国内外十字花科作物耐盐性研究的相关进展,主要包括耐盐种质鉴定方法及技术、耐盐种质筛选、耐盐分子机理等,以期为十字花科作物耐盐种质创制和新品种遗传选育提供有益的参考。  相似文献   
3.
十字花科Brassicaceae植物多数生长发育时间短,生长过程中自然发生,或使用物理或化学方法诱导,常会出现一些颜色较淡或金黄的突变个体即黄化突变体。这些突变体表型直观,表现为植株矮小,叶绿素较低,植株光合作用受抑制,产量降低,因此黄化突变常被视为有害突变。但近20 a来黄化突变体日益受到研究者们的重视与青睐,被用于研究植物叶绿体结构、叶绿素合成代谢等方面。本研究简要介绍了十字花科植物常见的黄化突变类型及其主要的外观特征,综述了十字花科植物黄化突变体的叶绿体超微结构、光合色素及其光合性能,并对十字花科植物黄化突变的遗传特性、分子机制进行了讨论,为十字花科植物叶色突变研究及新品种选育提供理论基础。参52  相似文献   
4.
针对近年来江门市蔬菜种植过程中害虫种类繁多、化学农药使用量增加,且抗药性不断增强,防治工作困难的现状,进行了多年实践,在分析江门市十字花科蔬菜害虫发生种类及发生特点的基础上,提出通过采用清除残株落叶、合理轮作等农业防治措施,设置杀虫灯、黄板、性诱剂等物理防治措施,释放寄生蜂、捕食性天敌等生物防治措施,辅之以合理使用高效、低毒、低残留化学农药的综合治理技术,实现了害虫防控总体防效达到90%、化学农药使用量减少30%以上、产量增加5%以上的良好效果,值得大面积推广。  相似文献   
5.
In Brassicaceae crop breeding programs, wild relatives have been evaluated as genetic resources to develop new cultivars with biotic and abiotic stress resistance. This has become necessary because of the diversification of ecotypes of diseases and pests, changing food preferences, advances in production technology, the use of new approaches such as in vitro breeding programs, and the need for economical production of F1 seed. To produce potential new cultivars, interspecific and intergeneric hybridizations have been performed between cultivated species and between cultivated species and their wild relatives. Furthermore, interspecific and intergeneric hybrids have been successfully produced using embryo rescue techniques. In this paper, we review the interspecific and intergeneric incompatibilities between Brassicaceae crops and their wild relatives, and the production, characterization, and improvement of synthetic amphidiploid lines, alien gene introgression lines, alloplasmic lines, monosomic alien chromosome addition lines, and monosomic alien chromosome substitution lines. The goal is to provide useful materials to support practical breeding strategies and to study the genetic effects of individual chromosomes on plant traits, the number of genes that control a trait, their linkage relationships, and genetic improvement in Brassicaceae crops.  相似文献   
6.
Most wild plants and some crops of the Brassicaceae express self-incompatibility, which is a mechanism that allows stigmas to recognize and discriminate against “self” pollen, thus preventing self-fertilization and inbreeding. Self-incompatibility in this family is controlled by a single S locus containing two multiallelic genes that encode the stigma-expressed S-locus receptor kinase and its pollen coat-localized ligand, the S-locus cysteine-rich protein. Physical interaction between receptor and ligand encoded in the same S locus activates the receptor and triggers a signaling cascade that results in inhibition of “self” pollen. Sequence information for many S-locus haplotypes in Brassica species has spurred studies of dominance relationships between S haplotypes and of S-locus structure, as well as the development of methods for S genotyping. Furthermore, molecular genetic studies have begun to identify genes that encode putative components of the self-incompatibility signaling pathway. In parallel, standard genetic analysis and QTL analysis of the poorly understood interspecific incompatibility phenomenon have been initiated to identify genes responsible for the inhibition of pollen from other species by the stigma. Herewith, we review recent studies of self-incompatibility and interspecific incompatibility, and we propose a model in which a universal pollen-inhibition pathway is shared by these two incompatibility systems.  相似文献   
7.
The impact of genetically modified canola (Brassica napus) on biodiversity has been examined since its initial stage of commercialization. Various research groups have extensively investigated crossability and introgression among species of Brassicaceae. B. rapa and B. juncea are ranked first and second as the recipients of cross-pollination and introgression from B. napus, respectively. Crossability between B. napus and B. rapa has been examined, specifically in terms of introgression from B. napus to B. rapa, which is mainly considered a weed in America and European countries. On the other hand, knowledge on introgression from B. napus to B. juncea is insufficient, although B. juncea is recognized as the main Brassicaceae weed species in Asia. It is therefore essential to gather information regarding the direct introgression of B. napus into B. juncea and indirect introgression of B. napus into other species of Brassicaceae through B. juncea to evaluate the influence of genetically modified canola on biodiversity. We review information on crossability and introgression between B. juncea and other related Brassicaseae in this report.  相似文献   
8.
In Brassica oleracea, production of F1 hybrid seeds mainly makes use of the improved Ogura cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line. However, reliance on one particular line is a risk, and it would be advantageous to develop other CMS lines. In this study, we transferred Diplotaxis erucoides cytoplasm to B. oleracea cultivars using an alloplasmic B. rapaCMS line as a bridge plant to avoid incompatibility between donor and recipient plants. The new B. oleraceaCMS lines, which were derived by four generations of backcrossing, had small rudimentary anthers with no pollen grain and showed complete male sterility. There was no functional defect in other floral organs, and the ability to receive normal pollen did not appear to be impaired. Moreover, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm had larger leaf areas and a normal plastochron. As a consequence, the B. oleraceaCMS lines carrying D. erucoides cytoplasm have the potential to be valuable alternatives for use in commercial B. oleracea hybrid seed production.  相似文献   
9.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot in Brassicaceae. It is widespread in Italy and severe outbreaks occur under conditions that favour disease development. In this study a multilocus sequence typing approach (MLST) based on the partial sequence of seven loci was applied to a selection of strains representative of the main areas of cultivation and hosts. The aim was to investigate whether the long tradition of brassica crops in Italy has influenced the evolution of different Xcc populations. All loci were polymorphic; 14 allelic profiles were identified of which 13 were unique to Italian strains. Based on the seven loci, the most common genotype within the Italian Xcc strains (AP1) was also the most representative genotype found in worldwide Xcc strains. This genotype was included in a new clonal complex in addition to three other clonal complexes already identified in Xcc populations. The phylogenetic reconstruction using a concatenated dataset of four conserved protein-coding genes, dnaK, fuyA, gyrB and rpoD, showed that the Italian strains belonged to two genetic groups. Physiological races were also investigated for the first time in Italy. The race structure of Xcc was determined by inoculating eight differential Brassica lines belonging to five species and showed that, in Italy, race 4 is the most widespread, followed by races 1 and 6. No correlation was found between allelic profiles, host of isolation, geographical origin and races, although a prevalent race was identified within the same clonal complex.  相似文献   
10.
Raphanus raphanistrum (Brassicaceae) is considered amongst the world's worst agricultural weeds. We address critical issues in its management by studying the pathway of colonisation at local scales. For this, we assessed the small‐scale spatial genetic structure of 231 samples collected from three different sites across the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, using 11 nuclear microsatellite markers. Although natural pollen and seed dispersal were expected to be restricted, we found no significant relationship between genetic and geographical distance within sites. Instead, our results suggest that R. raphanistrum had colonised new habitats via jump dispersal, rather than through natural diffusive dispersal at local scales. We did not find evidence for road verges as dispersal corridors, as evidenced by a lack of isolation‐by‐distance at local scales. Instead, the absence of spatial genetic structure suggests that R. raphanistrum had rapidly spread throughout its current range, possibly facilitated by human‐mediated actions. Management plans addressing containment or suppression of the weedy species R. raphanistrum (and possibly other weedy species) should take the high degree of connectivity between distant geographical localities into account.  相似文献   
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