Screening and identification of soybean varieties with high phosphorus efficiency at seedling stage

In order to simplify the workload and find a reliable method for screening soybeans with different phosphorus(P)efficiencies,47 soybean varieties were screened from 90 varieties according to yield under normal phosphorus,and 10 indicators including root phenotype,phosphorus utilization efficiency at the seedling stage and yield were measured.Through single-index cluster analysis,the performance value and relative value of the abovementioned indexes under low-phosphorus conditions were analyzed,and then,the combined indexes were analyzed by principal components method.The membership function method and the cluster analysis method was used to calculate and analyze the comprehensive score value.Three indexes of root P utilization efficiency(X₁),relative value of root P utilization efficiency(X₂),and root volume(X₃)under low P at the seedling stage were selected as the most consistent with the yield screening results under low P condition,and the mathematical model of the comprehensive score value was obtained:D=1.218X₁t 0.320X₂t 0.007X₃-0.664(P=0.000,R²=1.000).The comprehensive score can screen and identify the P efficiency of soybeans with fewer indexes in the early growth stages,which provides a more rapid and reliable mathematical model for screening and identifying a larger number of germplasm resources for P efficiency.     

山苍子精油对辣椒疫霉生长发育的影响及对辣椒疫病的防效

为明确山苍子精油防治植物疫病的应用前景,在室内离体条件下测定其对辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici菌丝生长、孢子囊形成与萌发、游动孢子萌发的毒力,观测经山苍子精油处理后菌丝生长量及形态结构、细胞膜通透性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化;采用离体叶片法和灌根法分别测定山苍子精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果和治疗效果。结果表明,山苍子精油对辣椒疫霉的菌丝生长、孢子囊形成与萌发以及游动孢子萌发的有效中浓度EC_(50)分别为161.49、29.68、231.80、90.68 mg/L;EC_(50)和EC_(75)的山苍子精油处理显著降低了辣椒疫霉菌丝的鲜重和干重,抑制率均在49.71%以上,亦可显著降低菌丝中可溶性蛋白含量,抑制率分别为10.77%和18.47%;用山苍子精油处理菌丝后,其顶端生长受到抑制,分枝明显增多、间距缩短;细胞膜通透性增大。1 000 mg/L山苍子精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果达63.33%(离体叶片法),2 000 mg/L精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果和治疗效果分别达80.00%和68.00%(灌根法,7 d),均显著高于对照药剂嘧菌酯。表明山苍子精油是辣椒疫霉的有效抑制剂,在辣椒疫病综合治理中具有较大的应用潜力。     

Dynamics of Cotton Rhizosphere Bacterial Community Structure in Cotton Continuous Cropping Field Soil

[Objective] The aim of this study is to understand the dynamics of cotton rhizosphere bacterial community structure in cotton continuous cropping field soil. [Method] 16S rDNA genes were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology to determine the community structure of cotton rhizosphere bacteria in different developmental stages using an upland cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. TM-1). [Result] Four dominant phyla were found in the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Bacteroidetes. The four dominant phyla and Firmicutes were largely influenced by cotton root. The relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes were promoted, and Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were inhibited, by cotton root. There were significant differences in community structure, but not species richness or α-diversity among different developmental stages of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community; the differences between the flowering stage and the budding stage were greater than the differences between the budding stage and the seedling stage. The diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was significantly higher than that of the bulk soil; the β-diversity values of both the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities were highest in the flowering stage. [Conclusion] The structure and dynamics of the cotton rhizosphere bacterial community in cotton continuous cropping field soil was defined by high-throughput sequencing. The effect of cotton on the rhizosphere bacterial community structure was most significant in the flowering stage.     

东北春玉米不同发育期干旱胁迫对根系生长的影响

分别在玉米拔节期(BJ)和抽雄期(CX)进行水分胁迫试验,利用微根管技术观测不同发育期干旱过程中根分布动态,并利用根分布模型模拟相关参数(d_(50)和d_(95):累积根比例分别为50%和95%的土层深度),对不同干旱胁迫处理的土壤湿度、根系分布及相关参数时空动态特征进行分析。结果表明:水分控制后的土壤湿度在130cm以上基本达到预期干旱效果,即BJ和CX处理在控水时段0~100 cm土层土壤相对湿度都降至40%以下,但深层土壤湿度并未受到水分控制影响;拔节和抽雄期干旱胁迫条件下,根长密度(RLD)最大值分别为2.18±0.89cm·cm~(-3)和2.10±0.47 cm·cm~(-3),所在土壤深度为60 cm,对照(CK)RLD最大值为1.24±0.77 cm·cm~(-3),所在深度为40 cm,CK和BJ处理的RLD在最大值深度以下随土层深度增加而减小,CX处理的RLD在80 cm以下仍保持较大值;BJ和CX比CK的d50分别增大45%和59%,d95分别增大8%和41%,证明玉米根系因干旱胁迫而向深层土壤生长。     

朝鲜黄杨种源试验苗期效果初报

利用引进的锦州、沈阳、大连、鞍山4个产地朝鲜黄杨(Buxus microphylla var.koreana)种源进行播种试验,对幼苗出苗率、保存率、苗高、地径、分枝数、冠幅调查测量。结果表明:4个种源的出苗率、当年苗高、分枝数、冠幅均存在显著差异,地径差异不显著。沈阳种源播种出苗率最高,为75.48%;沈阳、大连种源当年苗高14.53 cm、14.08 cm,分枝数9.43条、9.21条,冠幅12.02 cm、10.00 cm,显著高于鞍山、锦州种源;苗木越冬保存率均在90%以上。沈阳种源表现最好。鞍山和锦州种源表现较差。     

优质水稻新品种芽期耐冷性鉴定

对来自不同地区的多个水稻品种进行芽期耐冷性试验,结果表明:15份优质水稻品种发芽期14℃、7 d处理,耐冷性均表现为极弱;14℃、14 d处理,龙稻18、通禾66耐冷性表现为极强,九稻68、吉粳511耐冷性表现为强。在芽期试验中,所有品种芽期耐冷性为强。     

灌水对强筋小麦籽粒产量及营养品质的影响

为明确水地强筋冬小麦高产、优质、高效的灌溉技术，试验设3个灌水时期8个灌溉处理［越冬期灌1水（W₁），拔节期灌1水（W₂），孕穗期灌1水（W₃），越冬期和拔节期灌2水（W₁₂），越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃），拔节期和孕穗期灌2水（W₂₃），越冬期、拔节期和孕穗期灌3水（W₁₂3），全生育期不灌水处理（CK）］,于小麦成熟期测定籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量和淀粉含量。结果表明，与不灌水的CK比较，所有灌水处理的籽粒产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、蛋白质产量以及籽粒淀粉含量均显著增加，但籽粒的总蛋白及其组分含量均呈不同程度降低（W₁处理除外）。越冬期灌水对有效穗数、籽粒产量、总蛋白及其组分含量、淀粉含量的提升作用较大；拔节期灌水对穗粒数的提升作用较大，但对淀粉含量的提升作用较小，对总蛋白及其组分含量的降低作用较大；孕穗期灌水对千粒重的提升作用较大，对蛋白质产量的提升作用较小。随着灌水次数增加，小麦籽粒产量显著提高，淀粉含量先显著提高后基本不变，而籽粒总蛋白及其组分含量降低。W₁₂3处理籽粒产量最高，其次是W₁₃处理；W₁处理籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量最高，其次是W₁₂及W₁₃处理；W₂₃处理淀粉含量最高，其次是W₁₂或W₁₃处理。综合各项指标，最好的灌水组合是越冬期和孕穗期灌2水（W₁₃）。     

不同品种、成熟期鲜莲中淀粉的结构特性研究

莲子淀粉的结构特性对带壳莲子加工品质和食用品质影响显著。为提高带壳莲子调理食品的品质,本文采用场发射扫描电镜、直链淀粉全自动分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、马尔文激光粒度仪等仪器对4个莲子品种蜡熟期和完熟期莲子淀粉的结构特性进行研究。结果表明,同一品种不同成熟度莲子淀粉中的直链淀粉、抗性淀粉含量和淀粉颗粒粒径随成熟度的增大而增大,而同一品种不同成熟度莲子淀粉的结晶度随鲜莲成熟度的增大而减小（除京广1号外）。在4个品种中,建选17号和建选35号鲜莲中的淀粉含量在蜡熟期和完熟期都较高,而直链淀粉含量最低,对于延缓淀粉老化具有一定效果。     

人工补水促进侧柏林地的种子萌发及天然更新

随着侧柏(Platycludus orientalis)林进入中成熟龄阶段,其更新和健康经营问题逐渐凸显出来。【目的】解决侧柏林内土壤湿度不足、籽苗稀少的问题并确定最佳补水时期。【方法】依据山地水土汇集面、沟谷两侧和集水池周边侧柏籽苗较密集的现实,进行人工促进侧柏林地种子萌发和天然更新的研究,应用小穴整地、模拟天然下种、人工灌水和林地模拟育苗等手段。【结果】于2017年秋季在济南燕子山上成功地促生许多侧柏苗。侧柏种子成熟期林地土壤水分不足是种子萌发的限制性因素之一。【结论】秋季9月为灌溉补水人工促进侧柏种子萌发的关键期,在适宜的光照条件下,可以有效地促进林地种子萌发和籽苗存活。