黄土高原地区土壤石油污染状况及生物修复技术研究进展

概述了黄土高原地区土壤石油污染状况及近年来该区油污土壤生物修复的研究进展,分别对微生物、植物及微生物-植物联合修复方法进行综述,强调生物强化技术在生物修复中的突出地位及植物-微生物联合修复方法的应用潜能。由于石油污染物的复杂性,现存技术在实际修复中效果并不明显,提出运用分子生物学技术研究酶功能基因、将代谢组研究融入油污土壤的修复、深入探究植物根际分泌物与微生物作用及菌根真菌生物降解机制的建议,旨在对黄土高原地区石油污染土壤修复探究工作奠定理论基础,对促进黄土高原地区土壤的保护及可持续利用具有重大意义。     

土壤生物修复过程中石油类组分变化规律的研究

[目的]研究土壤生物修复过程中石油类组分的变化规律。[方法]采用微生物修复和植物修复法对油污土壤进行修复,通过分析土壤生物修复过程中石油类含量及组分的变化来评价污染土壤的生物修复效果。[结果]随着修复时间的延长,土壤中矿物油可降到3 000 mg/kg以下;土壤中石油类总烃所占比例大幅下降,而沥青质所占比例明显上升;修复前土壤中石油类以C24为主,微生物修复后（41 d）主碳峰为C29,植物修复后（139 d）主碳峰为C17和C18。[结论]该研究为今后油污土壤生物修复效果的评价提供了科学依据。     

Mechanisms of arsenite elimination by Thiomonas sp. isolated from Carnoulès acid mine drainage

Weathering of the arsenopyrite-rich tailings of the Carnoulès abandoned mining site (Gard, France) results in the formation of acid mine waters heavily loaded with arsenic. Dissolved arsenic present in the seepage waters is precipitated within a few meters from the bottom of the tailing dam by microorganisms. From these effluents, we have isolated and characterized a Gram negative bacterium involved in this bioremediation process. This bacterium, which belongs to the Thiomonas genus, is very efficient in removing arsenite from contaminated acidic waters by oxidizing it to arsenate, which precipitates.     

Arthrobacter sp. AG1菌株降解土壤中阿特拉津研究

在阿特拉津浓度为50mg/kg干土的黄棕壤、潮土和红壤接种1.5×106CFU/g干土的降解菌Arthrobacter sp. AG1,10天后土壤中的阿特拉津分别降解至1.5、6.6和10mg/kg干土。阿特拉津的降解速率受到土壤性质的影响,但AG1仍能在不满足其生长繁殖要求的pH值的土壤中有效降解酸性土壤中阿特拉津;土壤中水分含量对降解效果影响较大,>20%时降解效果较好;土壤低含水量和低pH值会导致AG1降解阿特拉津的活力下降。不同的接种量对降解效果有一定影响,但105～107CFU/g干土接种量的AG1都能有效发挥降解作用。AG1降解完土壤中的阿特拉津后,在土壤含水量分别为5%和15%的情况下能长期保持降解活性,对60天后第2次施入黄棕壤和潮土中的50mg/kg阿特拉津4天时降解效率在65%以上。     

Combined microbial community level and single species biosensor responses to monitor recovery of oil polluted soil

Understanding the effects of oil contamination on the composition and function of soil microbiota entails investigation of the effects of a mixture of hydrocarbons at the community level in a complex environmental matrix. One approach to this difficult problem is to ally a community-level fingerprinting approach with bioassays that have a physiological or functional implication. Two contrasting refined oils (paraffin and motor oil) were used to contaminate soil microcosms, and a simulated bioremediation treatment with nutrient-addition was applied. The indigenous microorganisms were monitored over 103 d using complementary community-level techniques (carbon source physiological profiling using Biolog^® microplates, and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling). Changes in the toxicity of the applied oils were monitored using luminescent bacterial bioassays, including Vibrio fischeri and a hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas putida strain. Distinct shifts in microbial community structure and C source utilization profiles were observed as a result of oil contamination. There was some evidence that bioremediated soils were returning to control values by the end of the experiment. This was supported by the bioassay results which showed an initial increase in toxicity as a result of the oil addition which had then decreased by the conclusion of the experiment. The two oils exhibited markedly different toxicity towards the bioassay organisms, with species-specific differences in response. This oil-specific difference was also found in the PLFA profiles which showed the two oil types selected different microbial communities.     

土壤有机污染生物修复技术影响因素的研究进展

土壤有机污染的生物修复技术的论述很多,本文则从对影响这些技术实施的因素进行综合评述,例如污染物的性质、微生物自身特性等。     

噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果

选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。     

石油污染土壤的生物修复研究进展

对于石油污染土壤的修复,其生物修复具有环境友好、费用较低等特点,是最具应用前景的土壤修复技术。本文较全面地介绍了石油污染土壤生物修复的影响因素、石油污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对该领域今后的研究重点进行了展望。     

Plant microcosm studies demonstrating bioremediation of cyanide toxicity by Trichoderma and Fusarium spp.

The biodegradation of cyanide by Trichoderma and Fusarium spp. growing in association with plant roots in microcosms was investigated with CN^– at 50 or 100 mg/kg. Pea and wheat seeds germinated and plants grew only when seeds were inoculated with the fungi, probably because the plant/fungal association was capable of promoting cyanide catabolism. Inoculation by fungi also increased plant shoot lengths and the biomass of shoots and root compared with control plants without CN^– and fungi. Such plant/fungal association shows potential as a land remediation system.     

微生物在污染环境生物修复中的应用

生物修复是一项利用生物特别是微生物治理污染的技术。与理化修复方法相比具有投资少、对环境影响小的优点。本文重点分析了影响微生物修复的关键因素,包括生物因素、营养因素、O2和电子受体、表面活性剂和共代谢物等,并介绍了微生物在生物修复中成功应用的实例,讨论了生物修复所具有的优势和存在的不足及今后研究重点。