两相分配(有机相-水相)生物反应器降解污染物的原理及应用

有毒有机污染物大多为人工合成的异生物合成物，具“三致”与生物难降解等特性，对环境和人类健康造成了严重的威胁。本文论述了两相分配生物反应器对有毒有机污染物的降解原理及其应用现状。该反应器基于热力学平衡原理，通过引入有机相，消除有机污染物对微生物的抑制作用，在快速降解污染物的同时实现体系的自控。现有研究表明。可高效降解苯、苯酚、BTX、多环芳烃等有毒有机污染物。此外，对该反应器的进一步研究与应用进行了展望。     

分散大红S-3GFL和分散红3B的微生物降解和表面活性剂的作用

对于绍兴地区来说,纺织业是绍兴的支柱产业,作为纺织业下游工业的印染业也就成为绍兴经济中的重要组成部分,但是工业废水对环境的破坏性影响也越来越严重.文章对纺织行业的染料废水的脱色和降解进行了一些实验.     

Enzymatic activities in constructed wetlands and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) biodegradation

The bioaccumulation of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) from industrial products and their mutagenic action has been suggested to be a potential threat to human health. The effects of the most frequently identified PAE, Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and its biodegradation, were examined by comparison of two small scale plots (SSP) of integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands. The influent DBP concentration was 9.84 mg l⁻¹ in the treatment plot and the control plot received no DBP. Soil enzymatic activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase, were measured in the two SSP after DBP application for 1 month and 2 months, and 1 month after the final application. Both treatment and control had significantly higher enzyme activity in the surface soil than in the subsurface soil (P<0.001) and greater enzyme activity in the down-flow chamber than in the up-flow chamber (P<0.05). In the constructed wetlands, DBP enhanced the activities of dehydrogenase, catalase, protease, phosphatase and inhibited the activities of urease, cellulase and β-glucosidase. However, urease, cellulase, β-glucosidase activities were restored 1 month following the final DBP addition. Degradation of DBP was greater in the surface soil and was reduced in sterile soil, indicating that this process may be mediated by aerobic microorgansims. DBP degradation fitted a first-order model, and the kinetic equation showed that the rate constant was 0.50 and 0.17 d⁻¹, the half-life was 1.39 and 4.02 d, and the r² was 0.99 and 0.98, in surface and subsurface soil, respectively. These results indicate that constructed wetlands are able to biodegrade organic PAEs such as DBP.     

Water-extractable soil carbon in relation to the belowground carbon cycle

We investigated the role of water-extractable carbon (C-extr) as potential substrate for forest soil microorganisms by comparing belowground C fluxes at a plot with the forest floor removed (no-litter) and at a control plot. One-third lower soil respiration rates at the no-litter plot gave evidence that the forest floor was the source of considerable amounts of microbially degradable C. Laboratory incubation of C-extr, fractionated into neutral and acid moieties, showed that part of the C-extr was degraded rapidly, and that the high-molecular-weight acid fraction was much less degradable than the neutral C. To the extent that the degradable portion of the water-extractable C can be regenerated quickly, it may supply much of the substrate for heterotrophic soil respiration. Received: 11 December 1995     

太湖微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内累积及生物降解的初步研究

为了解蓝藻水华期间微囊藻毒素在罗非鱼体内的分布及累积传递过程,2008年6～8月采集了高密度蓝藻池塘及太湖网箱内的鱼样及水样,用ELISA法对鱼样和水样进行微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量的检测。结果表明,池塘水体微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量在0.123～0.514μg/L,MC-LR含量随着藻密度的下降而降低,对照组水体MC-LR浓度显著高于实验组MC-LR含量。池塘鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量在1.194～3.615ng/g,肝脏组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR累积含量显著高于肌肉组织。将池塘与网箱罗非鱼转至无微囊藻水体中暂养,跟踪检测MC-LR含量变化,池塘和网箱鱼体肌肉组织微囊藻毒素MC-LR含量均低于人体每日可耐受摄入量,而肝脏组织藻毒素MC-LR含量则分别需要经过10～20d自然生物降解后降低至安全摄入量之下。讨论了微囊藻毒素在鱼体组织分布与食物链中的累积传递。     

降解氯苯类化合物研究进展

针对氯苯类化合物的结构、物化性质及污染现状,从高级氧化法、生物法、还原法及其反应机理、特点和应用,逐一介绍了氯苯类化合物处理方法,重点对各种方法在氯苯类废水处理应用中的优、缺点进行了比较。最后对氯苯类化合物降解进行了展望,针对实际废水制定适宜的联合处理技术是未来的研究热点之一。     

硫丹降解菌C7在土壤中的降解性能及其酶促降解试验

Ochrobactrum sp. C7是一株高效硫丹降解菌。本试验对C7在土壤中降解硫丹的效果以及C7产生的硫丹水解酶(粗酶液)的性质进行了研究。结果表明,该菌在30天内能很好地降解土壤中的硫丹;降解酶在30~45℃、pH5.5~7.5的条件下活性较高;在pH7和40℃时显示最大的硫丹水解酶活性。初步判断水解酶的表达可能是组成型的,此粗酶液可用于果蔬表面农药残留的快速解毒和清除,从而为高效降解菌株的应用与环境中的生物修复提供了理论依据。     

微囊藻毒素的检测方法及其降解技术研究进展

微囊藻毒素是富营养化淡水水体中最常见的藻类毒素，它是一类具有多种异构体的环状多肽物质。较详细地介绍了水体中微囊藻毒素的结构、特性及其危害，并综述了有关其检测方法及降解技术的国内外最新研究进展；最后，对微囊藻毒素降解技术的发展方向进行了探讨和展望。     

耐冷苯酚降解菌Phe311的分离和降解特性

[目的]从自然界中筛选高效耐冷苯酚降解菌，并且研究其降解特性。[方法]采用富集培养法，用液相色谱法和分光光度法分析菌株降解苯酚的性能。[结果]从常州城北污水处理厂的污水曝气池中，分离6到1株能以苯酚为唯一碳源生长的耐冷细菌Phe311菌株。经16SrDNA基因序列分析，该菌被鉴定为假单胞菌。Phe311在6℃96h内对300mg／L苯酚降解率达96．4％。Phe311降解苯酚的最适条件为pH值7．0，30℃，接种量1％。[结论]菌株Phe311在最适条件下72h内可以完全降解苯酚。     

大豆杀虫剂氧化乐果降解菌的分离

采用富集驯化培养方法,从哈尔滨农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中筛选获得2株能彻底降解氧化乐果的菌株.氧化乐果浓度为100 mg·L-1时,两株菌在1 d内可完成降解,氧化乐果浓度为400 mg·L-1时,两株菌在3 d内可完成降解,浓度在1 000 mg·L-1时7 d内可完成降解,浓度达2 000 mg·L-1时7 d内降解率可分别达到75.28%和72.42%;当农药浓度较高时,菌株生长速度表现为延后.降解谱实验表明:菌株具有较宽的有机磷农药降解谱;通过生理生化分析及16S同源性分析发现,这两株菌与假单胞菌属和气球菌属极其相似.